resulting from balanced selection pressure, Ashton and Lee (2007) argu terjemahan - resulting from balanced selection pressure, Ashton and Lee (2007) argu Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

resulting from balanced selection p

resulting from balanced selection
pressure, Ashton and Lee (2007) argued
that a high level of Conscientiousness
should have been beneficial for our
ancestors to the extent that it led to
material gains and the improved use
of available resources. However, a
high level of Conscientiousness would
also have caused the individual to
expend time and energy in planning and
organization, which would have come at
the expense of other activities and may
not always have been necessary in order
to maximize gains.
A high level of Conscientiousness
may have also led to increased social
risks to the extent that others could
free-ride or exploit outcomes resulting
from planning and organization by the
individual in question (e.g., food stores).
In environments where expending
energy in long-term planning and
attention to detail were necessary
to maximize gains, people high
in Conscientiousness should have
prospered. However, in environments
where long-term planning did not yield
any additional benefits, people low in
Conscientiousness would have had an
adaptive advantage because they would
not have expended unnecessary energy
or time on such endeavors and would
have instead maximized immediate
gains without longer-term associated
costs. These trade-offs were presumably
balanced across ecological niches
(Penke et al., 2007), and this is why we
see variation in this trait across people.
We call this variation personality.
The Mini-IPIP6 Measure of
Personality
There are a number of excellent
(valid and reliable) public domain
measures of personality available. These
include (to name but a few), 50-item
and 100-item instruments based on
the International Personality Item Pool
(IPIP; Goldberg, 1999), the 44-item Big
Five Inventory (BFI; John & Srivastava,
1999), the 50-item Five Individual
Reaction Norms Inventory (FIRNI;
Denissen & Penke, 2008), the 100-
item Big Five Aspects Scale (BFAS;
De Young, Quilty & Peterson, 2007),
and the 60- and 100-item HEXACO
(Ashton & Lee, 2009). There are also
a number of copyright personality
inventories, the most well-known of
which is possibly the NEO-PI-R (Costa
& McCrae, 1992). I recommend the
use of one of the many excellent public
domain instruments (see Goldberg,
1999; Goldberg, Johnson, Eber, Hogan,
Ashton, Cloninger, & Gough, 2006,
for further discussion of the benefits
of personality measures in the public
domain).
Given their length, the various
instruments listed above may not
always be appropriate, however. In
some research designs, where space
is limited or there are constraints on
interview time, a shorter measure of
personality using a small select set
of marker items for each personality
dimension is needed. The Five-Factor
Mini-IPIP is one such measure. The
Mini-IPIP is a short-form public
domain personality instrument initially
developed by Donnellan et al. (2006)
to assess the five broad-bandwidth
dimensions of personality identified
in the Big-Five framework (see also
Gosling, Rentfrow & Swann, 2003, for
an even shorter measure). One strength
of this short-form measure is that the
items were selected from the IPIP. The
IPIP is a large-scale collaborative effort
to develop a comprehensive system and
set of items for personality measurement
in the public domain (Goldberg, 1999).
Sibley et al. (2011) extended
Donnellan et al’s (2006) original
Five-Factor Mini-IPIP to also include
marker items for the sixth dimension
of personality identified by Ashton
and Lee (2007) in their Six-Factor
(HEXACO) model of personality
structure. Following Donnellan et
al. (2011), Sibley et al. referred to
this revised scale as the Mini-IPIP6.
The Mini-IPIP6 is useful because it
provides a way to briefly index the five
dimensions of personality identified in
the Five-Factor or Big-Five framework,
while also inde
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resulting from balanced selection pressure, Ashton and Lee (2007) argued that a high level of Conscientiousness should have been beneficial for our ancestors to the extent that it led to material gains and the improved use of available resources. However, a high level of Conscientiousness would also have caused the individual to expend time and energy in planning and organization, which would have come at the expense of other activities and may not always have been necessary in order to maximize gains. A high level of Conscientiousness may have also led to increased social risks to the extent that others could free-ride or exploit outcomes resulting from planning and organization by the individual in question (e.g., food stores). In environments where expending energy in long-term planning and attention to detail were necessary to maximize gains, people high in Conscientiousness should have prospered. However, in environments where long-term planning did not yield any additional benefits, people low in Conscientiousness would have had an adaptive advantage because they would not have expended unnecessary energy or time on such endeavors and would have instead maximized immediate gains without longer-term associated costs. These trade-offs were presumably balanced across ecological niches (Penke et al., 2007), and this is why we see variation in this trait across people. We call this variation personality. The Mini-IPIP6 Measure of PersonalityThere are a number of excellent (valid and reliable) public domain measures of personality available. These include (to name but a few), 50-item and 100-item instruments based on the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP; Goldberg, 1999), the 44-item Big Five Inventory (BFI; John & Srivastava, 1999), the 50-item Five Individual Reaction Norms Inventory (FIRNI; Denissen & Penke, 2008), the 100-item Big Five Aspects Scale (BFAS; De Young, Quilty & Peterson, 2007), and the 60- and 100-item HEXACO (Ashton & Lee, 2009). There are also a number of copyright personality inventories, the most well-known of which is possibly the NEO-PI-R (Costa & McCrae, 1992). I recommend the use of one of the many excellent public domain instruments (see Goldberg, 1999; Goldberg, Johnson, Eber, Hogan, Ashton, Cloninger, & Gough, 2006, for further discussion of the benefits of personality measures in the public domain). Given their length, the various instruments listed above may not always be appropriate, however. In some research designs, where space is limited or there are constraints on interview time, a shorter measure of personality using a small select set of marker items for each personality dimension is needed. The Five-Factor Mini-IPIP is one such measure. The Mini-IPIP is a short-form public domain personality instrument initially developed by Donnellan et al. (2006) to assess the five broad-bandwidth dimensions of personality identified in the Big-Five framework (see also Gosling, Rentfrow & Swann, 2003, for an even shorter measure). One strength of this short-form measure is that the items were selected from the IPIP. The IPIP is a large-scale collaborative effort to develop a comprehensive system and set of items for personality measurement in the public domain (Goldberg, 1999). Sibley et al. (2011) extended Donnellan et al’s (2006) original Five-Factor Mini-IPIP to also include marker items for the sixth dimension of personality identified by Ashton and Lee (2007) in their Six-Factor (HEXACO) model of personality structure. Following Donnellan et al. (2011), Sibley et al. referred to this revised scale as the Mini-IPIP6. The Mini-IPIP6 is useful because it provides a way to briefly index the five dimensions of personality identified in the Five-Factor or Big-Five framework, while also inde
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dihasilkan dari pemilihan seimbang
tekanan, Ashton dan Lee (2007) berpendapat
bahwa tingkat tinggi Conscientiousness
seharusnya bermanfaat bagi kami
leluhur sejauh itu menyebabkan
keuntungan materi dan penggunaan peningkatan
sumber daya yang tersedia. Namun,
tingkat tinggi Conscientiousness akan
juga menyebabkan individu untuk
mengeluarkan waktu dan energi dalam perencanaan dan
organisasi, yang akan datang pada
mengorbankan kegiatan lain dan mungkin
tidak selalu menjadi yang diperlukan dalam rangka
untuk memaksimalkan keuntungan.
Tingkat tinggi kesadaran
mungkin juga menyebabkan peningkatan sosial
risiko sejauh lain bisa
membebaskan-naik atau mengeksploitasi hasil yang dihasilkan
dari perencanaan dan organisasi dengan
individu yang bersangkutan (misalnya, toko makanan).
Dalam lingkungan dimana pengeluaran
energi dalam perencanaan dan jangka panjang
perhatian terhadap detail yang diperlukan
untuk memaksimalkan keuntungan, orang tinggi
di Conscientiousness seharusnya
makmur. Namun, dalam lingkungan
di mana perencanaan jangka panjang tidak menghasilkan
manfaat tambahan, orang yang rendah di
Conscientiousness akan memiliki
keuntungan adaptif karena mereka akan
tidak telah dikeluarkan energi yang tidak perlu
atau waktu pada usaha tersebut dan akan
telah sebaliknya dimaksimalkan langsung
keuntungan tanpa jangka panjang terkait
biaya. Trade-off yang mungkin
seimbang di relung ekologi
(Penke et al., 2007), dan ini adalah mengapa kita
melihat variasi dalam sifat ini di masyarakat.
Kami menyebutnya kepribadian variasi ini.
Mini-IPIP6 Ukur
Kepribadian
Ada sejumlah baik
(valid dan reliabel) domain publik
tindakan kepribadian yang tersedia. Ini
termasuk (untuk nama beberapa), 50-item
instrumen dan 100-item berdasarkan
Kepribadian Internasional Barang Renang
(IPIP; Goldberg, 1999), 44-item Big
Five Inventory (BFI; John & Srivastava,
1999), 50-item Lima Individu
Norma Reaksi Inventory (firni;
Denissen & Penke, 2008), 100-
barang Big Five Aspek Skala (BFAS;
De Young, Quilty & Peterson, 2007),
dan 60- dan 100-item HEXACO
( Ashton & Lee, 2009). Ada juga
sejumlah kepribadian cipta
persediaan, yang paling terkenal dari
yang mungkin NEO-PI-R (Costa
& McCrae, 1992). Saya merekomendasikan
penggunaan salah satu dari banyak publik yang sangat baik
instrumen domain (lihat Goldberg,
1999; Goldberg, Johnson, Eber, Hogan,
Ashton, Cloninger, & Gough, 2006,
untuk diskusi lebih lanjut manfaat
dari tindakan kepribadian dalam masyarakat
domain) .
Mengingat panjangnya, berbagai
instrumen yang tercantum di atas mungkin tidak
selalu tepat, namun. Dalam
beberapa desain penelitian, di mana ruang
terbatas atau ada kendala pada
waktu wawancara, ukuran lebih pendek dari
kepribadian menggunakan pilih set kecil
item penanda untuk setiap kepribadian
dimensi diperlukan. Lima Faktor
Mini-IPIP merupakan salah satu ukuran tersebut. The
Mini-IPIP adalah publik pendek-bentuk
domain instrumen kepribadian awalnya
dikembangkan oleh Donnellan dkk. (2006)
untuk menilai lima luas bandwidth
dimensi kepribadian diidentifikasi
di Big Five-kerangka (lihat juga
Gosling, Rentfrow & Swann, 2003, untuk
ukuran bahkan lebih pendek). Salah satu kekuatan
dari ini mengukur bentuk singkat adalah bahwa
item yang dipilih dari IPIP. The
IPIP merupakan upaya kolaborasi skala besar
untuk mengembangkan sistem yang komprehensif dan
mengatur item untuk pengukuran kepribadian
dalam domain publik (Goldberg, 1999).
Sibley dkk. (2011) diperpanjang
Donnellan et al (2006) asli
Lima Faktor Mini-IPIP juga termasuk
item penanda untuk dimensi keenam
kepribadian diidentifikasi oleh Ashton
dan Lee (2007) di Six-Factor mereka
(HEXACO) model kepribadian
struktur. Berikut Donnellan et
al. (2011), Sibley dkk. disebut
skala ini direvisi sebagai Mini-IPIP6.
Mini-IPIP6 berguna karena
menyediakan cara untuk indeks singkat lima
dimensi kepribadian yang diidentifikasi dalam
Lima-Factor atau Big-Five kerangka,
sementara juga inde
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