themselves got into trouble.12 The pawnshop business of course experie terjemahan - themselves got into trouble.12 The pawnshop business of course experie Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

themselves got into trouble.12 The

themselves got into trouble.12 The pawnshop business of course experiences special
problems in times of deflation, when the value of the items stored in pawn also
declines, as well as the proportion of them which, due to ‘money famine’ among their
owners, are not redeemed and have to be sold at auction, often at a loss. The total
number of items pawned in Yogyakarta declined from 2.1 million in 1930 (for an
average loan of f. 3.60) to 1.2 million in 1934 (with average value of f. 2.17), and then
rose slowly again to a total of 1.8 million in 1938 (Bijleveld 1939: 256). When credit
and pawnable reserves were exhausted, the next step as elsewhere in Java was the
pawning of land: ‘indebtedness in rural Java reached unprecedented proportions and
land-usury became a near-universal phenomenon’ (Sumitro Djojohadikusumo 1952:
24).
As the Yogyakarta batik industry (a major source of non-farm employment in
both town and countryside, particularly for women) collapsed to one-third of its
previous size, labor-intensive low-return activities like woven bamboo crafts and
handloom cloth-weaving took their place, growing not due to any market-induced
expansion but simply due to the failure of the agricultural sector. While prices for
products of rural craft and industry (as of all commodities) continued to fall, ‘the
working population, and particularly the women, had to continue or to expand their
production, no matter how low the return for their efforts, simply to meet the cash
needs of their families’ (O’Malley 1977: 193). Bijleveld, governor of Yogyakarta
from 1934-39, ascribed the survival of Yogyakarta’s peasants during these difficult
years to their ‘incredible capacity for adaptation’ (‘ongelooflijk
aanpassingsvermogen’), a capacity which O’Malley ascribes largely to the efforts and
self-sacrifice of women.
My informants interviewed in the early 1970s in Kali Loro village are quite
correct in recalling that in those times, it was money that became “scarce” (larang) or
“expensive” (mahal), while “things” (barang, i.e. commodities) became cheap as the
prices of food and other commodities dropped. In such conditions, as one of my Kali
Loro informants remarked in 1973 it was “orang bayaran yang menjadi makmur”
(those with regular wage- or salary-incomes who prospered), and those who sold
produce in order to obtain cash to pay land- or poll taxes, or for other cash needs, who
came into severe difficulties. One in twenty of employed Javanese men in
0/5000
Dari: -
Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
themselves got into trouble.12 The pawnshop business of course experiences specialproblems in times of deflation, when the value of the items stored in pawn alsodeclines, as well as the proportion of them which, due to ‘money famine’ among theirowners, are not redeemed and have to be sold at auction, often at a loss. The totalnumber of items pawned in Yogyakarta declined from 2.1 million in 1930 (for anaverage loan of f. 3.60) to 1.2 million in 1934 (with average value of f. 2.17), and thenrose slowly again to a total of 1.8 million in 1938 (Bijleveld 1939: 256). When creditand pawnable reserves were exhausted, the next step as elsewhere in Java was thepawning of land: ‘indebtedness in rural Java reached unprecedented proportions andland-usury became a near-universal phenomenon’ (Sumitro Djojohadikusumo 1952:24).As the Yogyakarta batik industry (a major source of non-farm employment inboth town and countryside, particularly for women) collapsed to one-third of itsprevious size, labor-intensive low-return activities like woven bamboo crafts andhandloom cloth-weaving took their place, growing not due to any market-inducedexpansion but simply due to the failure of the agricultural sector. While prices forproducts of rural craft and industry (as of all commodities) continued to fall, ‘theworking population, and particularly the women, had to continue or to expand theirproduction, no matter how low the return for their efforts, simply to meet the cashneeds of their families’ (O’Malley 1977: 193). Bijleveld, governor of Yogyakartafrom 1934-39, ascribed the survival of Yogyakarta’s peasants during these difficultyears to their ‘incredible capacity for adaptation’ (‘ongelooflijkaanpassingsvermogen’), a capacity which O’Malley ascribes largely to the efforts andself-sacrifice of women.My informants interviewed in the early 1970s in Kali Loro village are quitecorrect in recalling that in those times, it was money that became “scarce” (larang) or“expensive” (mahal), while “things” (barang, i.e. commodities) became cheap as theprices of food and other commodities dropped. In such conditions, as one of my KaliLoro informants remarked in 1973 it was “orang bayaran yang menjadi makmur”(those with regular wage- or salary-incomes who prospered), and those who soldproduce in order to obtain cash to pay land- or poll taxes, or for other cash needs, whocame into severe difficulties. One in twenty of employed Javanese men in
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
diri masuk ke trouble.12 Bisnis gadai tentu saja pengalaman khusus
masalah pada saat deflasi, ketika nilai item yang disimpan di gadai juga
menurun, serta proporsi mereka yang, karena 'uang kelaparan' di antara mereka
pemilik, tidak ditebus dan harus dijual di lelang, sering bingung. Total
jumlah item digadaikan di Yogyakarta menurun dari 2,1 juta pada tahun 1930 (untuk
pinjaman rata-rata f. 3,60) menjadi 1,2 juta pada tahun 1934 (dengan nilai rata-rata f. 2,17), dan kemudian
bangkit perlahan lagi untuk total 1,8 juta pada tahun 1938 (Bijleveld 1939: 256). Ketika kredit
dan cadangan pawnable kelelahan, langkah berikutnya seperti di tempat lain di Jawa adalah
gadai tanah: 'hutang di pedesaan Jawa mencapai proporsi belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya dan
lahan-riba menjadi fenomena yang nyaris universal' (Sumitro Djojohadikusumo 1952:
24).
Sebagai industri batik Yogyakarta (sumber utama lapangan kerja non-pertanian di
kedua kota dan pedesaan, terutama bagi perempuan) runtuh dengan sepertiga dari yang
ukuran sebelumnya, kegiatan rendah kembali padat karya seperti kerajinan anyaman bambu dan
handloom kain tenun mengambil mereka Tempat, tumbuh bukan karena ada yang disebabkan pasar
ekspansi tetapi hanya karena kegagalan sektor pertanian. Sedangkan harga untuk
produk kerajinan pedesaan dan industri (seperti dari semua komoditas) terus menurun, 'yang
penduduk yang bekerja, dan khususnya perempuan, harus melanjutkan atau memperluas mereka
produksi, tidak peduli seberapa rendah tingkat pengembalian atas upaya mereka, hanya untuk memenuhi kas
kebutuhan keluarga mereka (O'Malley 1977: 193). Bijleveld, gubernur Yogyakarta
1934-39, berasal kelangsungan hidup petani Yogyakarta selama ini sulit
tahun untuk 'kapasitas luar biasa untuk adaptasi' mereka ('ongelooflijk
aanpassingsvermogen'), kapasitas yang ascribes O'Malley sebagian besar untuk upaya dan
pengorbanan diri perempuan.
informan saya diwawancarai pada awal tahun 1970 di Desa Kali Loro cukup
benar dalam mengingat bahwa di saat-saat, itu uang yang menjadi "langka" (larang) atau
"mahal" (mahal), sementara "hal" (Barang, yaitu komoditas) menjadi murah sebagai
harga makanan dan komoditas lainnya turun. Dalam kondisi seperti itu, sebagai salah satu saya Kali
informan Loro mengatakan pada tahun 1973 itu "orangutan bayaran Yang Menjadi makmur"
(orang-orang dengan wage- biasa atau gaji-pendapatan yang makmur), dan mereka yang dijual
produk dalam rangka untuk mendapatkan uang tunai untuk membayar tanah - atau pajak jajak pendapat, atau untuk kebutuhan kas lainnya, yang
datang ke dalam kesulitan parah. Satu dari dua puluh orang Jawa yang bekerja di
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
Bahasa lainnya
Dukungan alat penerjemahan: Afrikans, Albania, Amhara, Arab, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahasa Indonesia, Basque, Belanda, Belarussia, Bengali, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Burma, Cebuano, Ceko, Chichewa, China, Cina Tradisional, Denmark, Deteksi bahasa, Esperanto, Estonia, Farsi, Finlandia, Frisia, Gaelig, Gaelik Skotlandia, Galisia, Georgia, Gujarati, Hausa, Hawaii, Hindi, Hmong, Ibrani, Igbo, Inggris, Islan, Italia, Jawa, Jepang, Jerman, Kannada, Katala, Kazak, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Kirghiz, Klingon, Korea, Korsika, Kreol Haiti, Kroat, Kurdi, Laos, Latin, Latvia, Lituania, Luksemburg, Magyar, Makedonia, Malagasi, Malayalam, Malta, Maori, Marathi, Melayu, Mongol, Nepal, Norsk, Odia (Oriya), Pashto, Polandia, Portugis, Prancis, Punjabi, Rumania, Rusia, Samoa, Serb, Sesotho, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhala, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somali, Spanyol, Sunda, Swahili, Swensk, Tagalog, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Turki, Turkmen, Ukraina, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Vietnam, Wales, Xhosa, Yiddi, Yoruba, Yunani, Zulu, Bahasa terjemahan.

Copyright ©2025 I Love Translation. All reserved.

E-mail: