The increased demand of water consu

The increased demand of water consumption, in association withthescarcityoftheavailablesources,imposestheneedfor wastewater reclamation and reuse. Wastewater reclamation and reuse is an environmental friendly and cost efficient process in the management of water resources (Angelakis et al. 1999). The potential use of reclaimed wastewater determines the level of treatment required and thus the application of the respective treatment technology. The current practices of tertiary treatment usually include one or a combination of processes such as coagulation, disinfection and adsorption on activated carbon, prior to reuse (Samaras et al. 1995). Frequently, coagulation
followed by sedimentation or sand filtration, consists a conventional stage of a wastewater reclamation process (Duan & Gregory 2003). Tertiary treatment of secondary treated effluents is assessed by the obtained effluent quality, as determined by the physical and chemical parameters. However, the quality of reclaimed water should be well established prior to its reuse, in order to anticipate potential long-term health and ecologicalriskhazards.Inparticular,emergingcontaminants are previously unknown or unrecognized pollutants that could comprise compounds such as pharmaceutical products, steroids, xenoestrogens, surfactants, sulfophenyl carboxylates, gasoline additives, microorganism-derived free molecules, algal toxins, pesticide degradation products, etc. (Rodriguez-Mozaz 2007). Most of them have been present in the environment for a long time, but their significance and presence are only now being elucidated and, therefore, they are generally not included in the legislation. Current legislation on wastewater reuse is based solely on physicochemical and microbiological parameters, which are not sufficient in the evaluation of biological effects. Chemical contaminants are generally detected by chemical analysis focusing on contaminants known or suspected to be present. Single chemical analyses confront certain limitations; organic micro-pollutants detection is laborious and difficult to be accomplished (Aguayo et al. 2004); the interactive effects, synergistic or antagonistic, between the components ofamixtureandthebioavailability ofthecompoundscannot be predicted by single chemical measurements (Kungolos et al. 2004).

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Peningkatan permintaan konsumsi air, di Asosiasi withthescarcityoftheavailablesources, imposestheneedfor air limbah reklamasi dan digunakan kembali. Reklamasi air limbah dan penggunaan kembali adalah proses lingkungan ramah dan biaya efficient dalam pengelolaan sumber daya air (Angelakis et al. 1999). Penggunaan potensi air limbah reklamasi menentukan tingkat pengobatan yang diperlukan dan dengan demikian penerapan teknologi pengolahan masing-masing. Praktek-praktek saat ini perawatan tersier biasanya mencakup satu atau kombinasi dari proses seperti koagulasi, desinfeksi dan adsorpsi pada karbon aktif, sebelum kembali (Samaras et al. 1995). Sering, koagulasifollowed by sedimentation or sand filtration, consists a conventional stage of a wastewater reclamation process (Duan & Gregory 2003). Tertiary treatment of secondary treated effluents is assessed by the obtained effluent quality, as determined by the physical and chemical parameters. However, the quality of reclaimed water should be well established prior to its reuse, in order to anticipate potential long-term health and ecologicalriskhazards.Inparticular,emergingcontaminants are previously unknown or unrecognized pollutants that could comprise compounds such as pharmaceutical products, steroids, xenoestrogens, surfactants, sulfophenyl carboxylates, gasoline additives, microorganism-derived free molecules, algal toxins, pesticide degradation products, etc. (Rodriguez-Mozaz 2007). Most of them have been present in the environment for a long time, but their significance and presence are only now being elucidated and, therefore, they are generally not included in the legislation. Current legislation on wastewater reuse is based solely on physicochemical and microbiological parameters, which are not sufficient in the evaluation of biological effects. Chemical contaminants are generally detected by chemical analysis focusing on contaminants known or suspected to be present. Single chemical analyses confront certain limitations; organic micro-pollutants detection is laborious and difficult to be accomplished (Aguayo et al. 2004); the interactive effects, synergistic or antagonistic, between the components ofamixtureandthebioavailability ofthecompoundscannot be predicted by single chemical measurements (Kungolos et al. 2004).

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Peningkatan permintaan konsumsi air, di withthescarcityoftheavailablesources asosiasi, imposestheneedfor reklamasi air limbah dan penggunaan kembali. Air limbah reklamasi dan penggunaan kembali adalah proses efisien ramah lingkungan dan biaya e fi dalam pengelolaan sumber daya air (Angelakis et al. 1999). Potensi penggunaan air limbah reklamasi menentukan tingkat pengobatan yang diperlukan dan dengan demikian penerapan teknologi pengolahan masing-masing. Praktik saat ini pengobatan tersier biasanya mencakup satu atau kombinasi dari proses seperti koagulasi, desinfeksi dan adsorpsi pada karbon aktif, sebelum menggunakan kembali (Samaras et al. 1995). Sering, koagulasi
diikuti oleh sedimentasi atau pasir filtrasi, terdiri tahap konvensional dari proses air limbah reklamasi (Duan & Gregory 2003). Pengobatan tersier diperlakukan uents fl ef sekunder dinilai oleh diperoleh ef fasih berbahasa berkualitas, sebagaimana ditentukan oleh parameter fisika dan kimia. Namun, kualitas air reklamasi harus mapan sebelum digunakan kembali, dalam rangka mengantisipasi potensi kesehatan jangka panjang dan ecologicalriskhazards.Inparticular, emergingcontaminants adalah polutan yang sebelumnya tidak dikenal atau tidak dikenal yang bisa terdiri senyawa seperti produk farmasi, steroid, xenoestrogens, surfaktan, karboksilat sulfofenil, aditif bensin, molekul bebas mikroorganisme yang diturunkan, racun alga, produk degradasi pestisida, dll (Rodriguez-Mozaz 2007). Sebagian besar dari mereka telah hadir di lingkungan untuk waktu yang lama, tapi mereka signifikansi dan kehadiran hanya sekarang sedang dijelaskan dan, karena itu, mereka umumnya tidak termasuk dalam undang-undang. Undang-undang saat pada penggunaan kembali air limbah hanya berdasarkan parameter fisika dan mikrobiologi, yang tidak mencukupi dalam evaluasi efek biologis. Kontaminan kimia umumnya terdeteksi oleh analisis kimia berfokus pada kontaminan diketahui atau diduga untuk hadir. Kimia tunggal analisis menghadapi keterbatasan tertentu; organik deteksi mikro-polutan adalah melelahkan dan sulit untuk diselesaikan (Aguayo et al 2004.); efek interaktif, sinergis atau antagonis, antara komponen ofamixtureandthebioavailability ofthecompoundscannot diprediksi dengan pengukuran kimia tunggal (Kungolos et al. 2004).