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III. SCALE-UP APPROACHESIn the literature, the Froude number (Fr (2R/g, where ( is the rotation rate, Ris the vessel radius, and g is the acceleration from gravity) is often suggested fortumbling blender scale-up [15–18]. This relationship balances gravitational andinertial forces and can be derived from the general equations of motion for a generalfluid. Unfortunately, no experimental data have been offered to support thevalidity of this approach. Continuum mechanics may offer other dimensionlessgroups, if a relationship between powder flow and powder stress can be determined.However, Fr is derived from equations based on continuum mechanics,whereas the scale of the physical system for blending of granular materials is onthe order of the mean free path of individual particles, which may invalidate thecontinuum hypothesis. A less commonly recommended scaling strategy is tomatch the tangential speed (wall speed) of the blender; however, this hypothesisalso remains untested (Patterson-Kelly, personal communication, 2000).
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