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Basic Competitive Forces Porter bel

Basic Competitive Forces Porter believes that the competitive environment of an industry
(the intensity of competition among the firms in that industry) determines the ability of the
firms to sustain above-average rates of return on invested capital. As shown in Exhibit 13.5,
he suggests that five competitive forces determine the intensity of competition and that the relative
effect of each of these five factors can vary dramatically among industries.
1. Rivalry among the existing competitors. For each industry analyzed, you must judge if the
rivalry among firms is currently intense and growing, or polite and stable. Rivalry increases
when many firms of relatively equal size compete in an industry. When estimating the number
and size of firms, be sure to include foreign competitors. Further, slow growth causes
competitors to fight for market share and increases competition. High fixed costs stimulate
the desire to sell at the full capacity, which can lead to price cutting and greater competition.
Finally, look for exit barriers, such as specialized facilities or labor agreements. These can
keep firms in the industry despite below-average or negative rates of return.
Beyond these general conditions that impact competition, the following four factors will
likewise affect the competitive environment within an industry:
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Basic Competitive Forces Porter believes that the competitive environment of an industry(the intensity of competition among the firms in that industry) determines the ability of thefirms to sustain above-average rates of return on invested capital. As shown in Exhibit 13.5,he suggests that five competitive forces determine the intensity of competition and that the relativeeffect of each of these five factors can vary dramatically among industries.1. Rivalry among the existing competitors. For each industry analyzed, you must judge if therivalry among firms is currently intense and growing, or polite and stable. Rivalry increaseswhen many firms of relatively equal size compete in an industry. When estimating the numberand size of firms, be sure to include foreign competitors. Further, slow growth causescompetitors to fight for market share and increases competition. High fixed costs stimulatethe desire to sell at the full capacity, which can lead to price cutting and greater competition.Finally, look for exit barriers, such as specialized facilities or labor agreements. These cankeep firms in the industry despite below-average or negative rates of return.Beyond these general conditions that impact competition, the following four factors willlikewise affect the competitive environment within an industry:
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Dasar Angkatan Kompetitif Porter berpendapat bahwa lingkungan kompetitif industri
(intensitas persaingan di antara perusahaan-perusahaan dalam industri itu) menentukan kemampuan
perusahaan untuk mempertahankan tingkat atas rata-rata pengembalian modal yang diinvestasikan. Seperti ditunjukkan dalam pameran 13,5,
ia menyarankan bahwa lima kekuatan kompetitif menentukan intensitas persaingan dan yang relatif
pengaruh masing-masing lima faktor ini dapat bervariasi secara dramatis antara industri.
1. Persaingan di antara para pesaing yang ada. Untuk setiap industri dianalisis, Anda harus menilai jika
persaingan di antara perusahaan saat ini intens dan berkembang, atau sopan dan stabil. Rivalitas meningkatkan
ketika banyak perusahaan dari ukuran relatif sama bersaing dalam suatu industri. Ketika memperkirakan jumlah
dan ukuran perusahaan, pastikan untuk menyertakan pesaing asing. Selanjutnya, pertumbuhan yang lambat menyebabkan
pesaing berjuang untuk pangsa pasar dan meningkatkan kompetisi. Biaya tetap tinggi merangsang
keinginan untuk menjual di kapasitas penuh, yang dapat menyebabkan pemotongan harga dan kompetisi yang lebih besar.
Akhirnya, mencari hambatan keluar, seperti fasilitas khusus atau perjanjian kerja. Ini dapat
menjaga perusahaan dalam industri meskipun tarif bawah rata-rata atau negatif pengembalian.
Di luar kondisi umum bahwa persaingan dampak, empat faktor berikut akan
juga mempengaruhi lingkungan yang kompetitif dalam suatu industri:
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