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The El Niño and La Niña PhenomenaDe

The El Niño and La Niña Phenomena
Deviations from normal temperature patterns of the southern Pacific Ocean, between Australia and South America, result in the phenomenon called El Niño. Under normal conditions, eastern trade winds blows across the Pacific. These drive the sun-warmed surface water from the central Pacific to the coast of northern Australia. When clouds form above this area of warm water and move over Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Australia, they bring rain with them.
Every two to seven years, however, this pattern is interrupted by the El Niño event. During El Niño, the Pacific Ocean of Australia does not warm as much as it normally does. Instead, it becomes warmer right up to the coast of Peru in South America. At the same time, the easterly trade winds that blow across the Pacific reverse their direction. This causes high-pressure systems to build up to the north of and across the Australian Continent, preventing moist tropical air reaching the continent. These conditions in turn result in storms, and in rain falling in the eastern Pacific Ocean and in South America instead of in Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia, which suffer drought conditions.
While the effect of El Niño are sometimes weak, at the other times they are very strong. During a severe El Niño period, extreme drought conditions prevail, as in 1982–83 and 1997-98. In contrast, heavy rainfall and flooding occurred in parts of North and South America. In 1997, there were severe storms and floods in Mexico and further north along the west coast of the United States.
The converse of the El Niño effect is the La Niña effect, which is an exaggeration of normal conditions. This takes place when trade winds blow strongly and consistently across the Pacific towards Australia. This pushes the warm waters from the central Pacific, off the northern Australian coast, to build up into a mass that is bigger than normal. Thus, much more cloud develops than usual, and this brings considerably more rain to Australia and neighboring countries.
Taken from Geographica’s Pocket World Reference, 2007
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The El Niño and La Niña PhenomenaDeviations from normal temperature patterns of the southern Pacific Ocean, between Australia and South America, result in the phenomenon called El Niño. Under normal conditions, eastern trade winds blows across the Pacific. These drive the sun-warmed surface water from the central Pacific to the coast of northern Australia. When clouds form above this area of warm water and move over Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Australia, they bring rain with them. Every two to seven years, however, this pattern is interrupted by the El Niño event. During El Niño, the Pacific Ocean of Australia does not warm as much as it normally does. Instead, it becomes warmer right up to the coast of Peru in South America. At the same time, the easterly trade winds that blow across the Pacific reverse their direction. This causes high-pressure systems to build up to the north of and across the Australian Continent, preventing moist tropical air reaching the continent. These conditions in turn result in storms, and in rain falling in the eastern Pacific Ocean and in South America instead of in Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia, which suffer drought conditions. While the effect of El Niño are sometimes weak, at the other times they are very strong. During a severe El Niño period, extreme drought conditions prevail, as in 1982–83 and 1997-98. In contrast, heavy rainfall and flooding occurred in parts of North and South America. In 1997, there were severe storms and floods in Mexico and further north along the west coast of the United States. The converse of the El Niño effect is the La Niña effect, which is an exaggeration of normal conditions. This takes place when trade winds blow strongly and consistently across the Pacific towards Australia. This pushes the warm waters from the central Pacific, off the northern Australian coast, to build up into a mass that is bigger than normal. Thus, much more cloud develops than usual, and this brings considerably more rain to Australia and neighboring countries.Taken from Geographica’s Pocket World Reference, 2007
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El Niño dan La Niña Fenomena
Penyimpangan dari pola suhu normal Samudra Pasifik bagian selatan, antara Australia dan Amerika Selatan, mengakibatkan fenomena yang disebut El Nino. Dalam kondisi normal, perdagangan timur angin bertiup melintasi Pasifik. Ini mendorong air permukaan matahari hangat dari Pasifik tengah ke pantai utara Australia. Ketika awan terbentuk di atas daerah ini air hangat dan bergerak lebih Indonesia, Papua Nugini, dan Australia, mereka membawa hujan dengan mereka.
Setiap dua sampai tujuh tahun, namun, pola ini terganggu oleh peristiwa El Niño. Selama El Niño, Samudera Pasifik dari Australia tidak hangat sebanyak seperti biasa. Sebaliknya, itu menjadi lebih hangat sampai ke pantai Peru di Amerika Selatan. Pada saat yang sama, angin timur perdagangan yang berhembus di Pasifik berbalik arah mereka. Hal ini menyebabkan sistem tekanan tinggi untuk membangun ke utara dan di seluruh Benua Australia, mencegah udara tropis lembab mencapai benua. Kondisi ini pada gilirannya mengakibatkan badai, dan hujan jatuh di timur Samudera Pasifik dan di Amerika Selatan bukan di Australia, Papua Nugini, dan Indonesia, yang menderita kondisi kekeringan.
Sementara efek El Nino kadang-kadang lemah, di kali lain mereka sangat kuat. Selama periode El Niño yang parah, kondisi kekeringan ekstrim berlaku, seperti di 1982-1983 dan 1997-1998. Sebaliknya, hujan deras dan banjir terjadi di bagian Utara dan Selatan. Pada tahun 1997, ada badai dan banjir di Meksiko dan lebih jauh ke utara di sepanjang pantai barat Amerika Serikat.
Kebalikan dari efek El Nino adalah efek La Niña, yang berlebihan dari kondisi normal. Ini terjadi ketika angin perdagangan meniup kuat dan konsisten di seluruh Pasifik menuju Australia. Hal ini mendorong air hangat dari Pasifik tengah, di lepas pantai utara Australia, untuk membangun menjadi massa yang lebih besar dari normal. Dengan demikian, lebih awan berkembang dari biasanya, dan ini membawa hujan jauh lebih ke Australia dan negara-negara tetangga.
Diambil dari Geographica Pocket Dunia Referensi 2007
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