Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) wa

Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) was first described in 1879, when Felix von Winiwarter, an Austrian surgeon who was an associate of Theodor Billroth, reported in the German Archives of Clinical Surgery a single case of what he described as presenile spontaneous gangrene [1]. Buerger related the cellular nature of arterial thrombosis, as had von Winiwarter, and described the absence of large vessel involvement. It was Buerger who named the disorder “thromboangiitis obliterans”, and only briefly mentioned its relationship with smoking. In 1924, Buerger reported that tobacco use was probably a predisposing factor [2].

2. Epidemiology

The prevalence of the disease among all patients with peripheral arterial disease ranges from values as low as 0.5 to 5.6% in Western Europe to values as high as 45 to 63% in India, 16 to 66% in Korea and Japan, and 80% among Jews of Ashkenazi ancestry living in Israel [3]. TAO was initially thought to affect almost exclusively men, since less than 1% of those affected were women. In the most recent studies, the proportion of female TAO patients varies between 11% and 23% [4]. This increase may be due to an increase in smoking among women.

3. Etiology and Pathogenesis

The etiology of Buerger’s disease is unknown. Although TAO is a type of vasculitis it is distinct from other vasculitis. Pathologically, the thrombus in TAO is highly cellular, with much less intense cellular activity in the wall of the blood vessel and a preserved internal elastic lamina. In addition, TAO differs from many other types of vasculitis in that the usual immunologic markers—elevation of acute-phase reactants such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), circulating immune complexes, and autoantibodies such as antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, and complement levels are usually normal or negative.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) pertama kali dijelaskan pada tahun 1879, ketika Felix von Winiwarter, seorang ahli bedah Austria yang merupakan rekan Theodor Billroth, dilaporkan dalam Archives of Surgery Jerman Clinical satu kasus apa yang ia sebut sebagai gangren presenile spontan [1]. Buerger terkait sifat seluler trombosis arteri, seperti yang telah von Winiwarter, dan menggambarkan adanya keterlibatan kapal besar. Itu Buerger yang bernama gangguan "thromboangiitis obliterans", dan hanya sebentar disebutkan hubungannya dengan merokok. Pada tahun 1924, Buerger melaporkan bahwa penggunaan tembakau mungkin merupakan faktor predisposisi [2]. 2. Epidemiologi Prevalensi penyakit di antara semua pasien dengan rentang penyakit arteri perifer dari nilai-nilai serendah 0,5-5,6% di Eropa Barat dengan nilai-nilai setinggi 45-63% di India, 16-66% di Korea dan Jepang, dan 80% antara Yahudi Ashkenazi keturunan yang tinggal di Israel [3]. TAO awalnya diduga mempengaruhi hampir secara eksklusif laki-laki, karena kurang dari 1% dari mereka yang terkena dampak adalah perempuan. Dalam studi terbaru, proporsi pasien TAO wanita bervariasi antara 11% dan 23% [4]. Peningkatan ini mungkin karena peningkatan merokok di kalangan perempuan. 3. Etiologi dan Patogenesis Etiologi penyakit Buerger tidak diketahui. Meskipun TAO adalah jenis vaskulitis yang berbeda dari vaskulitis lainnya. Secara patologis, trombus di TAO sangat selular, dengan aktivitas selular apalagi intens dalam dinding pembuluh darah dan lamina elastis internal yang diawetkan. Selain itu, TAO berbeda dari jenis lain dari vaskulitis dalam imunologi yang biasa penanda-ketinggian reaktan fase akut seperti laju endap darah (LED) dan protein C-reaktif (CRP), beredar kompleks imun, dan autoantibodi seperti antinuclear antibodi, faktor reumatoid, dan pelengkap level biasanya normal atau negatif.