A report by the National Sleep Foundation released in March2010 found  terjemahan - A report by the National Sleep Foundation released in March2010 found  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

A report by the National Sleep Foun

A report by the National Sleep Foundation released in March
2010 found that only 4 in 10 Americans say that they get enough sleep most nights (Marcus, 2010). This means that many Americans, and we suspect this is true to some degree around the world, are in some state of being sleep deprived on most days. Does this spell trouble for their ability to exert self-regulation and reach their goals? In other words, does fatigue, a state of being weary from effort or exhaustion (Merriam-Webster, 2010), portend self-regulation failure? The extant literature suggests so.
Another perspective on how people reach their goals con- tends that people who engage in self-regulation are likely to show poor self-regulation subsequently. This pattern has been said to support a limited-resource model, which posits that self-regulation is governed by a global but depletable supply of energy that is taxed during the self-regulation process (Baumeister, Vohs, & Tice, 2007). Earlier engagements in self-regulation lead to later self-regulation failures, a hangover effect termed ego depletion or self-regulatory resource deple- tion. Although depletion effects occur reliably, there is little consensus as to what explains them.
We asked whether being fatigued is tantamount to being depleted of self-regulatory resources using a controlled sleep design because sleep deprivation affects cognitive abil- ities much more so than physical abilities (Horne, 1985), mak- ing it an apt state to compare to the state of ego depletion. We tested fatigue (via sleep deprivation) and self-regulatory

resource depletion as potential predictors of later self-regulation. Some of our participants were deprived of sleep for 24 hours, whereas others were not. In combination, some of our participants were instructed to use self-regulation to control their emotions whereas others were not. Then, all participants completed a game that offered opportunities to behave aggressively. Would sleep deprivation condition, self-regulation condition, or their mixture predict partici- pants’ aggressive responses?


The Limited-Resource Model of Self-regulation
It is perhaps no surprise that self-regulation is so difficult, as there are myriad reasons why people fail at it. One model depicts self-regulation as governed by a limited stock of energy. This energy is said to be involved in every act of self-regulation, which suggests that it can be taxed easily. Numerous experiments have shown a pattern that supports a limited-resource model: After a person performs an act of


1 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
2 University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA

Corresponding Author:
Kathleen D. Vohs, University of Minnesota, Carlson School of Management, Marketing Department, 3-150 321 19th Ave S., Minneapolis, MN 55455
Email: kvohs@umn.edu



self-regulation, it is more likely that later self-regulation attempts will be unsuccessful than if the person had not engaged in self-regulation earlier (Hagger, Wood, Stiff, & Chatzisarantis,
2010). The self-regulation resource is renewable but does not appear to replenish itself as readily as it can be diminished.
Initial research on the limited-resource model established that it could predict basic self-regulation findings, such as per- sistence and cognitive performance (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998; Muraven, Tice, & Baumeister,
1998). In this work, participants engaged in one form of self- regulation (or not, for participants in comparison conditions), and then all participants’ self-regulation ability was tested.
One thread running through this literature is that dormant urges become unleashed after people have earlier engaged in self-regulation. The limited-resource model has been invoked to explain why dieters (but not nondieters) eat more after hav- ing resisted the temptation of high-calorie foods or persisted at a challenging task (Vohs & Heatherton, 2000). People spend money impulsively after using their self-regulation resources to infuse emotion into reading an otherwise dry text, and this especially pronounced among those who have trouble restrain- ing their spending urges (Vohs & Faber, 2007). Cigarette smo- kers give in to their addiction more after having earlier resisted eating brownies, as compared to resisting broccoli (Shmueli & Prochaska, 2009). Alcohol intake also rises on days when people report having tackled highly demanding (vs. less demanding) tasks requiring self-regulation (Muraven, Collins, Shiffman, & Paty, 2005).
The depletion effect has been framed as a fatigue effect. Portraying self-regulation failure as because of sapped energy suggests that the self is tired, just as a person feels tired after strenuous exercise or a long bout of energy expenditure. Initial and continued explanations of the limited-resource model likened the process to tiring and building up a muscle (Baumeister, Vohs & Tice, 2007 ; Baumeister & Heatherton,
1996), which suggests that using one’s self-regulation abil- ities culminates in fatigue.
The fatigue notion could accommodate many of the findings that pertain to the limited-resource model, as a recent meta- analysis noted (Hagger et al., 2010). After people engage in self-regulation, their bodies show evidence of effort by way of diminished heart rate variability (Segerstrom & Solberg Nes,
2007), weak neural errors (Inzlicht & Gutsell, 2007), and drops
in glucose (Gailliot et al., 2007). In addition, forces known to counteract depletion, such as cash incentives (Muraven & Slessareva, 2003), reminders of one’s core values (Schmeichel
& Vohs, 2009), the use of if–then contingencies (Webb & Sheeran, 2002), and—most germane—rest (Tyler & Burns,
2008), could aid self-regulation performance when people are fatigued (for motivational factors that overcome sleep depriva- tion, see Harrison & Horne, 1998). Recent work has connected sleep patterns to the limited-resource model. Self-reports of sleeping sufficiently (more than 7 hours) combined with con- sistent nightly sleep, relative to other combinations, were related to perceiving life events as less stressful (Barber, Munz, Bagsby, & Powell, 2009).

Yet other depletion effects do not suggest that fatigue is a crucial variable. When people are depleted of their self- regulatory resources, they experience an elongated perception of time (Vohs & Schmeichel, 2003) and adopt a low-level con- strual of the world (Schmeichel & Vohs, 2009), which are psy- chological changes but not fatigue indicators. Humor, which does not immediately pertain to fatigue, aids self-regulation after depletion (Tice, Baumeister, Shmeuli, & Muraven,
2007). Queries of people who have just engaged in a self- regulation task versus those who have not shown equivalent levels of self-perceived tiredness.
On balance, though, theory and data favor the notion that when people are depleted of their self-regulation resources, it results in a state that is akin to fatigue. Nonetheless, no direct evidence has been brought to bear on the issue. The current arti- cle reports two experiments, the first regarding lay percep- tions of how sleep deprivation would affect self-regulation and the second regarding the effects of experimentally manipulated sleep deprivation and self-regulatory resource availability on subsequent self-regulation. Both experiments centered on aggressiveness, which was chosen because of prior work linking aggressiveness to self-regulatory resource depletion (e.g., DeWall, Baumeister, Gailliot, & Stillman,
2007) and sleep deprivation (Haynes, Bootzin, Smith, Cousins, & Stevens, 2006; Kahn-Greene, Lipizzi, Conrad, Kamimori, & Killgore, 2006).


Self-Regulation and Aggression
Self-regulation is relevant to aggression because behaving aggressively represents a violation of social and personal norms for most people (Zimbardo, 1969). Children as young as 6 years old possess, and can report on, normative beliefs about the (in)appropriateness of aggressiveness (Huesmann & Guerra, 1997). Modern societies codify many aggressive beha- viors as wrong via the criminal justice system.
In line with this theorizing, there is a long history of concep- tualizing aggression as an unbridled reaction to frustration (e.g., Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, & Sears, 1939) and more recent empirical work connecting temporary lapses in self- regulation to aggression. Children who lack self-regulation skills are more likely to behave aggressively than those with strong self-regulation skills (Krueger, Caspi, Moffitt, White,
& Stouthamer-Loeber, 1996; Murphy & Eisenberg, 1997). Occupational researchers found that workers with low self- regulation exhibit aggression more than do workers with high self-regulation (Latham & Perlow, 1996). In fact, the robust finding that men are more aggressive than women has been said to be an artifact of the difference in self-regulation between genders. Once self-regulation scores are statistically held constant, gender differences in aggression disappear (Burton, Cullen, Evans, Alarid, & Dunaway, 1998).
A landmark theory by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) con- cluded that poor self-regulation is the leading cause of crimin- ality and aggressiveness. Criminologists have used this perspective to develop and successfully implement a scale to



study crime, aggression, and delinquency (Arneklev, Grasmick, Tittle, & Bursik, 1993). Those data show that indi- viduals who lack self-regulation are more likely than others to enact a variety of violent, sadistic behaviors. A longitudinal study of nearly 1,000 people from ages 3 until 21 tested Gottfredson and Hirschi’s claims about deficient self- regulation and
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A report by the National Sleep Foundation released in March2010 found that only 4 in 10 Americans say that they get enough sleep most nights (Marcus, 2010). This means that many Americans, and we suspect this is true to some degree around the world, are in some state of being sleep deprived on most days. Does this spell trouble for their ability to exert self-regulation and reach their goals? In other words, does fatigue, a state of being weary from effort or exhaustion (Merriam-Webster, 2010), portend self-regulation failure? The extant literature suggests so.Another perspective on how people reach their goals con- tends that people who engage in self-regulation are likely to show poor self-regulation subsequently. This pattern has been said to support a limited-resource model, which posits that self-regulation is governed by a global but depletable supply of energy that is taxed during the self-regulation process (Baumeister, Vohs, & Tice, 2007). Earlier engagements in self-regulation lead to later self-regulation failures, a hangover effect termed ego depletion or self-regulatory resource deple- tion. Although depletion effects occur reliably, there is little consensus as to what explains them.We asked whether being fatigued is tantamount to being depleted of self-regulatory resources using a controlled sleep design because sleep deprivation affects cognitive abil- ities much more so than physical abilities (Horne, 1985), mak- ing it an apt state to compare to the state of ego depletion. We tested fatigue (via sleep deprivation) and self-regulatory resource depletion as potential predictors of later self-regulation. Some of our participants were deprived of sleep for 24 hours, whereas others were not. In combination, some of our participants were instructed to use self-regulation to control their emotions whereas others were not. Then, all participants completed a game that offered opportunities to behave aggressively. Would sleep deprivation condition, self-regulation condition, or their mixture predict partici- pants’ aggressive responses?The Limited-Resource Model of Self-regulationIt is perhaps no surprise that self-regulation is so difficult, as there are myriad reasons why people fail at it. One model depicts self-regulation as governed by a limited stock of energy. This energy is said to be involved in every act of self-regulation, which suggests that it can be taxed easily. Numerous experiments have shown a pattern that supports a limited-resource model: After a person performs an act of1 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA2 University of Texas, Austin, TX, USACorresponding Author:Kathleen D. Vohs, University of Minnesota, Carlson School of Management, Marketing Department, 3-150 321 19th Ave S., Minneapolis, MN 55455Email: kvohs@umn.edu self-regulation, it is more likely that later self-regulation attempts will be unsuccessful than if the person had not engaged in self-regulation earlier (Hagger, Wood, Stiff, & Chatzisarantis,2010). The self-regulation resource is renewable but does not appear to replenish itself as readily as it can be diminished.Initial research on the limited-resource model established that it could predict basic self-regulation findings, such as per- sistence and cognitive performance (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998; Muraven, Tice, & Baumeister,1998). In this work, participants engaged in one form of self- regulation (or not, for participants in comparison conditions), and then all participants’ self-regulation ability was tested.One thread running through this literature is that dormant urges become unleashed after people have earlier engaged in self-regulation. The limited-resource model has been invoked to explain why dieters (but not nondieters) eat more after hav- ing resisted the temptation of high-calorie foods or persisted at a challenging task (Vohs & Heatherton, 2000). People spend money impulsively after using their self-regulation resources to infuse emotion into reading an otherwise dry text, and this especially pronounced among those who have trouble restrain- ing their spending urges (Vohs & Faber, 2007). Cigarette smo- kers give in to their addiction more after having earlier resisted eating brownies, as compared to resisting broccoli (Shmueli & Prochaska, 2009). Alcohol intake also rises on days when people report having tackled highly demanding (vs. less demanding) tasks requiring self-regulation (Muraven, Collins, Shiffman, & Paty, 2005).The depletion effect has been framed as a fatigue effect. Portraying self-regulation failure as because of sapped energy suggests that the self is tired, just as a person feels tired after strenuous exercise or a long bout of energy expenditure. Initial and continued explanations of the limited-resource model likened the process to tiring and building up a muscle (Baumeister, Vohs & Tice, 2007 ; Baumeister & Heatherton,
1996), which suggests that using one’s self-regulation abil- ities culminates in fatigue.
The fatigue notion could accommodate many of the findings that pertain to the limited-resource model, as a recent meta- analysis noted (Hagger et al., 2010). After people engage in self-regulation, their bodies show evidence of effort by way of diminished heart rate variability (Segerstrom & Solberg Nes,
2007), weak neural errors (Inzlicht & Gutsell, 2007), and drops
in glucose (Gailliot et al., 2007). In addition, forces known to counteract depletion, such as cash incentives (Muraven & Slessareva, 2003), reminders of one’s core values (Schmeichel
& Vohs, 2009), the use of if–then contingencies (Webb & Sheeran, 2002), and—most germane—rest (Tyler & Burns,
2008), could aid self-regulation performance when people are fatigued (for motivational factors that overcome sleep depriva- tion, see Harrison & Horne, 1998). Recent work has connected sleep patterns to the limited-resource model. Self-reports of sleeping sufficiently (more than 7 hours) combined with con- sistent nightly sleep, relative to other combinations, were related to perceiving life events as less stressful (Barber, Munz, Bagsby, & Powell, 2009).

Yet other depletion effects do not suggest that fatigue is a crucial variable. When people are depleted of their self- regulatory resources, they experience an elongated perception of time (Vohs & Schmeichel, 2003) and adopt a low-level con- strual of the world (Schmeichel & Vohs, 2009), which are psy- chological changes but not fatigue indicators. Humor, which does not immediately pertain to fatigue, aids self-regulation after depletion (Tice, Baumeister, Shmeuli, & Muraven,
2007). Queries of people who have just engaged in a self- regulation task versus those who have not shown equivalent levels of self-perceived tiredness.
On balance, though, theory and data favor the notion that when people are depleted of their self-regulation resources, it results in a state that is akin to fatigue. Nonetheless, no direct evidence has been brought to bear on the issue. The current arti- cle reports two experiments, the first regarding lay percep- tions of how sleep deprivation would affect self-regulation and the second regarding the effects of experimentally manipulated sleep deprivation and self-regulatory resource availability on subsequent self-regulation. Both experiments centered on aggressiveness, which was chosen because of prior work linking aggressiveness to self-regulatory resource depletion (e.g., DeWall, Baumeister, Gailliot, & Stillman,
2007) and sleep deprivation (Haynes, Bootzin, Smith, Cousins, & Stevens, 2006; Kahn-Greene, Lipizzi, Conrad, Kamimori, & Killgore, 2006).


Self-Regulation and Aggression
Self-regulation is relevant to aggression because behaving aggressively represents a violation of social and personal norms for most people (Zimbardo, 1969). Children as young as 6 years old possess, and can report on, normative beliefs about the (in)appropriateness of aggressiveness (Huesmann & Guerra, 1997). Modern societies codify many aggressive beha- viors as wrong via the criminal justice system.
In line with this theorizing, there is a long history of concep- tualizing aggression as an unbridled reaction to frustration (e.g., Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, & Sears, 1939) and more recent empirical work connecting temporary lapses in self- regulation to aggression. Children who lack self-regulation skills are more likely to behave aggressively than those with strong self-regulation skills (Krueger, Caspi, Moffitt, White,
& Stouthamer-Loeber, 1996; Murphy & Eisenberg, 1997). Occupational researchers found that workers with low self- regulation exhibit aggression more than do workers with high self-regulation (Latham & Perlow, 1996). In fact, the robust finding that men are more aggressive than women has been said to be an artifact of the difference in self-regulation between genders. Once self-regulation scores are statistically held constant, gender differences in aggression disappear (Burton, Cullen, Evans, Alarid, & Dunaway, 1998).
A landmark theory by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) con- cluded that poor self-regulation is the leading cause of crimin- ality and aggressiveness. Criminologists have used this perspective to develop and successfully implement a scale to



study crime, aggression, and delinquency (Arneklev, Grasmick, Tittle, & Bursik, 1993). Those data show that indi- viduals who lack self-regulation are more likely than others to enact a variety of violent, sadistic behaviors. A longitudinal study of nearly 1,000 people from ages 3 until 21 tested Gottfredson and Hirschi’s claims about deficient self- regulation and
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Sebuah laporan oleh National Sleep Foundation dirilis pada Maret
2010 menemukan bahwa hanya 4 dari 10 orang Amerika mengatakan bahwa mereka mendapatkan tidur yang cukup paling malam (Marcus, 2010). Ini berarti bahwa banyak orang Amerika, dan kami menduga hal ini benar untuk beberapa derajat di seluruh dunia, dalam beberapa keadaan yang kurang tidur di hampir setiap hari. Apakah ini menyebabkan masalah untuk kemampuan mereka untuk mengerahkan diri regulasi dan mencapai tujuan mereka? Dengan kata lain, tidak kelelahan, keadaan menjadi lelah dari usaha atau kelelahan (Merriam-Webster, 2010), meramalkan kegagalan pengaturan diri? Literatur yang ada menunjukkan demikian.
perspektif lain tentang bagaimana orang mencapai tujuan mereka con- cenderung bahwa orang-orang yang terlibat dalam pengaturan diri cenderung menunjukkan self-regulation miskin kemudian. Pola ini telah dikatakan untuk mendukung model terbatas-sumber daya, yang menyatakan bahwa diri-regulasi diatur oleh pasokan global tetapi depletable energi yang dikenakan pajak selama proses pengaturan diri (Baumeister, Vohs, & Tice, 2007). Keterlibatan awal pengaturan diri menyebabkan kegagalan self-regulation kemudian, penipisan ego efek mabuk disebut atau sumber daya self-regulatory deple- tion. Meskipun efek penipisan terjadi andal, ada sedikit konsensus mengenai apa yang menjelaskan mereka.
Kami bertanya apakah yang lelah sama saja dengan yang habis sumber daya self-regulatory menggunakan desain tidur dikendalikan karena kurang tidur mempengaruhi tanggung abil- kognitif jauh lebih daripada kemampuan fisik (Horne, 1985), mak- ing negara cenderung dibandingkan dengan keadaan deplesi ego. Kami menguji kelelahan (via kurang tidur) dan self-regulatory penipisan sumber daya sebagai prediktor potensi pengaturan diri kemudian. Beberapa peserta kami yang diijinkan tidur selama 24 jam, sedangkan yang lain tidak. Dalam kombinasi, beberapa peserta kami diperintahkan untuk menggunakan self-regulasi untuk mengendalikan emosi mereka sementara yang lain tidak. Kemudian, semua peserta menyelesaikan permainan yang ditawarkan kesempatan untuk berperilaku agresif. Akan tidur kondisi kurang, kondisi self-regulation, atau campuran mereka memprediksi respon agresif peserta '? The Limited-Sumber Model Self-peraturan Hal ini mungkin tidak mengherankan bahwa pengaturan diri sangat sulit, karena ada berbagai alasan mengapa orang gagal itu. Salah satu model menggambarkan pengaturan diri sebagaimana diatur oleh saham terbatas energi. Energi ini dikatakan terlibat dalam setiap tindakan pengaturan diri, yang menunjukkan bahwa hal itu dapat dikenakan pajak dengan mudah. Banyak percobaan telah menunjukkan pola yang mendukung model terbatas-sumber daya: Setelah seseorang melakukan tindakan 1 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 2 University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA Sesuai Penulis: Kathleen D. Vohs, Universitas dari Minnesota, Carlson School of Management, Departemen Pemasaran, 3-150 321 19 Ave S., Minneapolis, MN 55455 Email: kvohs@umn.edu pengaturan diri, itu lebih mungkin bahwa upaya pengaturan diri kemudian akan berhasil daripada jika orang itu tidak terlibat dalam pengaturan diri sebelumnya (Hagger, Wood, Stiff, & Chatzisarantis, 2010). Sumber daya pengaturan diri adalah terbarukan tapi tidak muncul untuk mengisi dirinya sebagai mudah karena dapat berkurang. Penelitian awal pada model terbatas-sumber daya menetapkan bahwa hal itu bisa memprediksi hasil self-regulation dasar, seperti sistence per- dan kinerja kognitif ( Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998; Muraven, Tice, & Baumeister, 1998). Dalam karya ini, peserta yang terlibat dalam salah satu bentuk regulasi diri (atau tidak, bagi peserta dalam kondisi perbandingan), dan kemudian kemampuan self-regulation semua peserta diuji. Satu benang berjalan melalui literatur ini adalah bahwa aktif mendesak menjadi melepaskan setelah orang telah sebelumnya terlibat dalam pengaturan diri. Model terbatas-sumber daya telah dipanggil untuk menjelaskan mengapa diet (tetapi tidak nondieters) makan lebih banyak setelah ing bahwa mereka mempunyai menahan godaan makanan tinggi kalori atau bertahan pada tugas yang menantang (Vohs & Heatherton, 2000). Orang-orang menghabiskan uang impulsif setelah menggunakan sumber daya mereka pengaturan diri untuk menanamkan emosi dalam membaca teks jika tidak kering, dan ini terutama menonjol di antara mereka yang memiliki masalah restrain- ing dorongan pengeluaran mereka (Vohs & Faber, 2007). Kers rokok smo- menyerah pada kecanduan mereka lebih setelah sebelumnya menolak brownies makan, dibandingkan dengan menolak brokoli (Shmueli & Prochaska, 2009). Asupan alkohol juga naik pada hari-hari ketika orang-orang melaporkan telah ditangani sangat menuntut (vs kurang menuntut) tugas yang membutuhkan pengaturan diri (Muraven, Collins, Shiffman, & Paty, 2005). Efek deplesi telah dibingkai sebagai efek kelelahan. Menggambarkan kegagalan regulasi diri sebagai karena energi melemahkan menunjukkan bahwa diri lelah, seperti seseorang merasa lelah setelah olahraga berat atau pertarungan panjang pengeluaran energi. Penjelasan awal dan lanjutan dari model terbatas-sumber daya disamakan proses untuk melelahkan dan membangun otot (Baumeister, Vohs & Tice, 2007; Baumeister & Heatherton, 1996), yang menunjukkan bahwa menggunakan self-regulation seseorang abil- tanggung memuncak dalam kelelahan . Kelelahan Gagasan bisa menampung banyak temuan yang berkaitan dengan model terbatas sumber daya, sebagai analisis meta baru-baru ini mencatat (Hagger et al., 2010). Setelah orang terlibat dalam pengaturan diri, tubuh mereka menunjukkan bukti usaha dengan cara variabilitas denyut jantung berkurang (Segerstrom & Solberg Nes, 2007), kesalahan saraf lemah (Inzlicht & Gutsell, 2007), dan tetes glukosa (Gailliot et al. 2007). Selain itu, pasukan yang dikenal untuk melawan penurunan, seperti insentif tunai (Muraven & Slessareva, 2003), pengingat dari nilai-nilai inti seseorang (Schmeichel & Vohs, 2009), penggunaan if-then kontinjensi (Webb & Sheeran, 2002), dan -Sebagian erat-sisa (Tyler & Burns, 2008), bisa membantu kinerja pengaturan diri ketika orang-orang lelah (untuk faktor motivasi yang mengatasi tidur depriva- tion, lihat Harrison & Horne, 1998). Karya terbaru telah terhubung pola tidur dengan model terbatas sumber daya. Self-laporan dari tidur yang cukup (lebih dari 7 jam) dikombinasikan dengan konsisten tidur malam, relatif terhadap kombinasi lainnya, yang terkait dengan mengamati peristiwa kehidupan kurang stres (Barber, Munz, Bagsby, & Powell, 2009). Namun penipisan lainnya efek tidak menyarankan bahwa kelelahan adalah variabel penting. Ketika orang-orang yang habis sumber daya mereka sendiri peraturan, mereka mengalami persepsi memanjang waktu (Vohs & Schmeichel, 2003) dan mengadopsi tingkat rendah strual con dunia (Schmeichel & Vohs, 2009), yang psikologis perubahan tetapi tidak indikator kelelahan. Humor, yang tidak segera berhubungan dengan kelelahan, membantu pengaturan diri setelah deplesi (Tice, Baumeister, Shmeuli, & Muraven, 2007). Pertanyaan dari orang yang baru saja terlibat dalam tugas regulasi diri dibandingkan mereka yang belum menunjukkan tingkat setara kelelahan yang dirasakan sendiri. Pada keseimbangan, meskipun, teori dan data mendukung gagasan bahwa ketika orang yang habis sumber daya mereka pengaturan diri, itu menghasilkan keadaan yang mirip dengan kelelahan. Meskipun demikian, tidak ada bukti langsung telah dibawa untuk menanggung masalah ini. The arti- cle saat melaporkan dua percobaan, pertama mengenai persepsi awam tentang bagaimana kurang tidur akan mempengaruhi self-regulation dan yang kedua mengenai efek dari kurang tidur eksperimen dimanipulasi dan ketersediaan sumber daya self-regulatory pada diri-regulasi berikutnya. Kedua percobaan berpusat pada agresivitas, yang dipilih karena pekerjaan sebelum menghubungkan agresivitas untuk self-regulatory penipisan sumber daya (misalnya, DeWall, Baumeister, Gailliot, & Stillman, 2007) dan kurang tidur (Haynes, Bootzin, Smith, Cousins, & Stevens, 2006;. Kahn-Greene, Lipizzi, Conrad, Kamimori, & Killgore, 2006) Self-Peraturan dan Agresi Self-regulasi yang relevan dengan agresi karena berperilaku agresif merupakan pelanggaran norma-norma sosial dan pribadi bagi kebanyakan orang (Zimbardo, 1969). Anak-anak berusia semuda 6 tahun memiliki, dan dapat melaporkan, keyakinan normatif tentang (dalam) kesesuaian agresivitas (Huesmann & Guerra, 1997). Masyarakat modern menyusun banyak viors beha- agresif sebagai salah melalui sistem peradilan pidana. Sejalan dengan teori ini, ada sejarah panjang konsepsi tualizing agresi sebagai reaksi yang tak terkendali frustrasi (misalnya, Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, & Sears, 1939) dan bekerja empiris yang lebih baru menghubungkan penyimpangan sementara dalam peraturan diri untuk agresi. Anak-anak yang tidak memiliki keterampilan pengaturan diri lebih mungkin untuk berperilaku agresif dibandingkan dengan keterampilan pengaturan diri yang kuat (Krueger, Caspi, Moffitt, White, & Stouthamer-Loeber, 1996; Murphy & Eisenberg, 1997). Peneliti Kerja menemukan bahwa pekerja dengan diri agresi peraturan pameran rendah lebih daripada pekerja dengan self-regulation tinggi (Latham & Perlow, 1996). Bahkan, temuan yang kuat bahwa laki-laki lebih agresif daripada wanita telah dikatakan artefak dari perbedaan regulasi diri antara jenis kelamin. Setelah skor self-regulation secara statistik tetap konstan, perbedaan gender dalam agresi hilang (Burton, Cullen, Evans, Alarid, & Dunaway, 1998). Teori tengara oleh Gottfredson dan Hirschi (1990) menyimpulkan bahwa con- pengaturan diri yang buruk adalah terkemuka penyebab ality crimin- dan agresivitas. Kriminolog telah menggunakan perspektif ini untuk mengembangkan dan berhasil menerapkan skala untuk mempelajari kejahatan, agresi, dan kenakalan (Arneklev, Grasmick, Tittle, & Bursik, 1993). Data tersebut menunjukkan bahwa individu-individu yang kurang self-regulation lebih mungkin daripada yang lain untuk memberlakukan berbagai kekerasan, perilaku sadis. Sebuah studi longitudinal hampir 1.000 orang dari usia 3 sampai 21 diuji Gottfredson dan Hirschi klaim tentang regulasi diri kekurangan dan












































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