The image of agroforestry and the directions in agroforestry research  terjemahan - The image of agroforestry and the directions in agroforestry research  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The image of agroforestry and the d

The image of agroforestry and the directions in agroforestry research have changed
considerably during the past three decades. Agroforestry was conceived and promoted
in the 1980s as a sustainable approach to land management that was not
being satisfactorily addressed by agriculture and forestry. Arising from this, the
development community embraced the “new” concept with unprecedented enthusiasm
as an almost magical development vehicle with perceived relevance to “dif fi cult”
and “fragile” environments (Nair 1998 ) . Research was conceived as a handmaiden
to major development projects – most of them hastily prepared – to foster and backstop
their implementation by providing results of immediate application.
Thus, the early research efforts during the “ fi rst decade” (1980–1990) were based
on inductive and experiential reasoning with only a modest contribution of deductive
and experimental approaches. Inevitably, these efforts were based on data and assumptions
derived from research in related areas; they focused on gathering information
from successful, existing agroforestry systems, and they resulted in various databases
of a descriptive nature. Considerable efforts were also devoted during this period to
developing the concepts and principles of agroforestry, as well as to methodology
development, by analysis and synthesis of relevant research results from areas and
disciplines related to agroforestry. A major activity was the development of the “diagnosis
and design” (D & D) approach, a social-science-rich, multidisciplinary, land-use
system-evaluation procedure developed speci fi cally for agroforestry (Raintree 1987 ) .
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The image of agroforestry and the directions in agroforestry research have changedconsiderably during the past three decades. Agroforestry was conceived and promotedin the 1980s as a sustainable approach to land management that was notbeing satisfactorily addressed by agriculture and forestry. Arising from this, thedevelopment community embraced the “new” concept with unprecedented enthusiasmas an almost magical development vehicle with perceived relevance to “dif fi cult”and “fragile” environments (Nair 1998 ) . Research was conceived as a handmaidento major development projects – most of them hastily prepared – to foster and backstoptheir implementation by providing results of immediate application.Thus, the early research efforts during the “ fi rst decade” (1980–1990) were basedon inductive and experiential reasoning with only a modest contribution of deductiveand experimental approaches. Inevitably, these efforts were based on data and assumptionsderived from research in related areas; they focused on gathering informationfrom successful, existing agroforestry systems, and they resulted in various databasesof a descriptive nature. Considerable efforts were also devoted during this period todeveloping the concepts and principles of agroforestry, as well as to methodologydevelopment, by analysis and synthesis of relevant research results from areas anddisciplines related to agroforestry. A major activity was the development of the “diagnosisand design” (D & D) approach, a social-science-rich, multidisciplinary, land-usesystem-evaluation procedure developed speci fi cally for agroforestry (Raintree 1987 ) .
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Citra agroforestry dan arah dalam penelitian agroforestry telah berubah
jauh selama tiga dekade terakhir. Agroforestri digagas dan dipromosikan
pada 1980-an sebagai pendekatan yang berkelanjutan untuk pengelolaan lahan yang tidak
sedang memuaskan ditangani oleh pertanian dan kehutanan. Yang timbul dari ini,
pengembangan masyarakat menganut "baru" konsep dengan antusiasme belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya
sebagai pengembangan kendaraan hampir magis dengan relevansi dianggap "sulit"
dan "rapuh" lingkungan (Nair 1998). Penelitian dikandung sebagai hamba
untuk proyek-proyek pembangunan besar - kebanyakan dari mereka buru-buru siap - untuk menumbuhkan dan backstop
pelaksanaannya dengan menyediakan hasil aplikasi langsung.
Dengan demikian, upaya penelitian awal selama "pertama dekade" (1980-1990) didasarkan
pada penalaran induktif dan pengalaman dengan hanya kontribusi sederhana deduktif
pendekatan dan eksperimental. Tak pelak, upaya ini didasarkan pada data dan asumsi
berasal dari penelitian di bidang terkait; mereka fokus pada pengumpulan informasi
dari sukses, sistem agroforestry yang ada, dan mereka menghasilkan berbagai database
yang bersifat deskriptif. Upaya besar juga ditujukan selama periode ini untuk
mengembangkan konsep dan prinsip-prinsip agroforestry, serta pada metodologi
pengembangan, dengan analisis dan sintesis dari hasil penelitian yang relevan dari daerah dan
disiplin terkait dengan agroforestry. Kegiatan utama adalah pengembangan dari "diagnosis
(D & D) pendekatan, a-sosial-ilmu kaya, multidisiplin, penggunaan lahan dan desain"
prosedur sistem evaluasi yang dikembangkan secara khusus untuk agroforestry (Raintree 1987).
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