Theories and concepts, on which normative views of media and democracy terjemahan - Theories and concepts, on which normative views of media and democracy Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Theories and concepts, on which nor

Theories and concepts, on which normative views of media and democracy build, have generally taken a pluralist or anti-essentialist turn in recent decades. While notions such as 'media quality' or 'public interest' are increasingly contested, pluralism and diversity not only have become indisputable values, but also rank among the few politically correct criteria for assessing media performance and regulation. Hardly anyone would disagree with the idea that citizens need to have access to a broad range of political views, cultural expressions and aesthetic experiences in the public sphere. The meaning and nature of pluralism as a normative principle, however, remain vague and arguably under-theorised.
Much of the confusion surrounding the notions of pluralism and diversity
in media studies undoubtedly stems from their disparate uses in different contexts, but there is also a certain ambiguity inherent in the concept of pluralism itself. As Gregor McLennan (1995: 7) has noted, the constitutive vagueness of pluralism as a social value gives it enough ideological flexibility for it to be capable of signifying reactionary tendencies in one phase of the debate and progressive values in the next. Pluralism thus constitutes a highly contentious and elusive principle in political and social theory as well as for evaluating the performance of the media.
Taking some distance from the attractiveness of commonsense pluralism,
this chapter focuses on some paradoxical dimensions in the present discussion on pluralism and the public sphere. Reflecting the renewed emphasis on pluralism in political theory, normative models of deliberative democracy and the public sphere have been increasingly criticised for overemphasising social unity and rational consensus. Instead of a singular notion of the public sphere, public use of reason or the common good, theorists increasingly stress the plurality of public spheres, politics of difference and the complexity of ways in which the media can contribute to democracy. As a result, various radical-pluralist theories of democracy that have attempted to develop less rigidly normative conceptions of democracy and the public sphere have gained more and more prominence also in media studies. In contrast to the allegedly rationalistic and monistic thrust of the Habermasian public sphere approach, they are often seen to resonate


better with the chaotic and complex nature of the contemporary media landscape.
I discuss the implications and potential significance of the radical­
pluralist approach for media studies and media policy here by drawing mainly from the political philosophy of Chantal Mouffe (1993, 2000, 2005), whose model of 'agonistic pluralism' constitutes one of the most prominent alternatives to deliberative conceptions of democracy. The ratio­ nale for this is twofold. First, agonistic pluralism provides a fundamental critique of the traditional Habermasian approach to the public sphere and democracy. Second, and perhaps more important, I argue that her ideas also provide an equally strong critique of 'naive pluralism' that celebrates all multiplicity and diversity without paying attention to the continued centrality of the questions of power and exclusion in the public sphere.
As McLennan (1995: 83-4) notes, one of the main problems with any
'principled pluralist' perspective remains how to conceptualise the need for pluralism and diversity without falling into the trap of flatness, relativism, indifference, and unquestioning acceptance of market-driven difference and consumer culture. While Mouffe's approach itself is open to criticism on many fronts, it serves as a good starting point for illustrating some of the problems in debating the value of pluralism in media politics. The purpose of discussing the agonistic approach here is therefore not to argue for more pluralism as such. Instead, it serves to question the inclusiveness of current pluralistic discourses and emphasise the continued importance of analysing relations of power in contemporary public spheres. While the problems of 'naive pluralism' are certainly not foreign to contemporary media policy, the agonistic model of democracy is discussed here as a possible theoretical basis for bringing the current 'ethos of pluralisation' to bear also on the level of media structures and politics.
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Theories and concepts, on which normative views of media and democracy build, have generally taken a pluralist or anti-essentialist turn in recent decades. While notions such as 'media quality' or 'public interest' are increasingly contested, pluralism and diversity not only have become indisputable values, but also rank among the few politically correct criteria for assessing media performance and regulation. Hardly anyone would disagree with the idea that citizens need to have access to a broad range of political views, cultural expressions and aesthetic experiences in the public sphere. The meaning and nature of pluralism as a normative principle, however, remain vague and arguably under-theorised.Much of the confusion surrounding the notions of pluralism and diversityin media studies undoubtedly stems from their disparate uses in different contexts, but there is also a certain ambiguity inherent in the concept of pluralism itself. As Gregor McLennan (1995: 7) has noted, the constitutive vagueness of pluralism as a social value gives it enough ideological flexibility for it to be capable of signifying reactionary tendencies in one phase of the debate and progressive values in the next. Pluralism thus constitutes a highly contentious and elusive principle in political and social theory as well as for evaluating the performance of the media.Taking some distance from the attractiveness of commonsense pluralism,this chapter focuses on some paradoxical dimensions in the present discussion on pluralism and the public sphere. Reflecting the renewed emphasis on pluralism in political theory, normative models of deliberative democracy and the public sphere have been increasingly criticised for overemphasising social unity and rational consensus. Instead of a singular notion of the public sphere, public use of reason or the common good, theorists increasingly stress the plurality of public spheres, politics of difference and the complexity of ways in which the media can contribute to democracy. As a result, various radical-pluralist theories of democracy that have attempted to develop less rigidly normative conceptions of democracy and the public sphere have gained more and more prominence also in media studies. In contrast to the allegedly rationalistic and monistic thrust of the Habermasian public sphere approach, they are often seen to resonate better with the chaotic and complex nature of the contemporary media landscape.I discuss the implications and potential significance of the radical­pluralist approach for media studies and media policy here by drawing mainly from the political philosophy of Chantal Mouffe (1993, 2000, 2005), whose model of 'agonistic pluralism' constitutes one of the most prominent alternatives to deliberative conceptions of democracy. The ratio­ nale for this is twofold. First, agonistic pluralism provides a fundamental critique of the traditional Habermasian approach to the public sphere and democracy. Second, and perhaps more important, I argue that her ideas also provide an equally strong critique of 'naive pluralism' that celebrates all multiplicity and diversity without paying attention to the continued centrality of the questions of power and exclusion in the public sphere.As McLennan (1995: 83-4) notes, one of the main problems with any'principled pluralist' perspective remains how to conceptualise the need for pluralism and diversity without falling into the trap of flatness, relativism, indifference, and unquestioning acceptance of market-driven difference and consumer culture. While Mouffe's approach itself is open to criticism on many fronts, it serves as a good starting point for illustrating some of the problems in debating the value of pluralism in media politics. The purpose of discussing the agonistic approach here is therefore not to argue for more pluralism as such. Instead, it serves to question the inclusiveness of current pluralistic discourses and emphasise the continued importance of analysing relations of power in contemporary public spheres. While the problems of 'naive pluralism' are certainly not foreign to contemporary media policy, the agonistic model of democracy is discussed here as a possible theoretical basis for bringing the current 'ethos of pluralisation' to bear also on the level of media structures and politics.
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Teori dan konsep, yang dilihat normatif media dan demokrasi membangun, umumnya mengambil giliran pluralis atau anti-esensialis dalam beberapa dekade terakhir. Sementara pengertian seperti 'kualitas media yang' atau 'kepentingan umum' semakin diperebutkan, pluralisme dan keragaman tidak hanya telah menjadi nilai-nilai yang tak terbantahkan, tetapi juga peringkat di antara beberapa kriteria politik yang benar untuk menilai kinerja media dan regulasi. Hampir tidak ada orang yang tidak setuju dengan gagasan bahwa warga harus memiliki akses ke berbagai pandangan politik, ekspresi budaya dan pengalaman estetika dalam ruang publik. Arti dan sifat pluralisme sebagai prinsip normatif, bagaimanapun, tetap kabur dan bisa dibilang kurang berteori.
Banyak kebingungan pengertian pluralisme dan keberagaman
dalam studi media diragukan lagi berasal dari penggunaan yang berbeda dalam konteks yang berbeda, tetapi ada juga ambiguitas tertentu yang melekat dalam konsep pluralisme itu sendiri. Sebagai Gregor McLennan (1995: 7) telah mencatat, ketidakjelasan konstitutif pluralisme sebagai nilai sosial memberikan fleksibilitas yang cukup ideologis untuk itu harus mampu menandakan kecenderungan reaksioner dalam satu fase dari perdebatan dan nilai-nilai progresif dalam berikutnya. Pluralisme sehingga merupakan prinsip yang sangat kontroversial dan sulit dipahami dalam teori politik dan sosial serta untuk mengevaluasi kinerja media.
Mengambil beberapa jarak dari daya tarik pluralisme akal sehat,
bab ini berfokus pada beberapa dimensi paradoks dalam diskusi hadir pada pluralisme dan ranah publik. Mencerminkan penekanan baru tentang pluralisme dalam teori politik, model normatif demokrasi deliberatif dan ruang publik telah semakin dikritik karena overemphasising kesatuan sosial dan konsensus rasional. Alih-alih gagasan tunggal ruang publik, penggunaan publik alasan atau kepentingan umum, teori semakin menekankan pluralitas ruang publik, politik perbedaan dan kompleksitas cara di mana media dapat berkontribusi untuk demokrasi. Akibatnya, berbagai teori radikal-pluralis demokrasi yang telah berusaha untuk mengembangkan konsep-konsep yang kurang kaku normatif demokrasi dan ruang publik telah mendapatkan lebih banyak dan lebih menonjol juga dalam studi media. Berbeda dengan dorong diduga rasionalistik dan monistik dari pendekatan ruang publik Habermasian, mereka sering terlihat untuk beresonansi baik dengan sifat kacau dan kompleks dari lanskap media kontemporer. Saya membahas implikasi dan signifikansi potensi radikal pendekatan pluralis untuk studi media dan kebijakan media di sini dengan menggambar terutama dari filsafat politik dari Chantal Mouffe (1993, 2000, 2005), yang model 'pluralisme agonistik' merupakan salah satu alternatif yang paling menonjol untuk deliberatif konsepsi demokrasi. Rasio nale untuk ini ada dua. Pertama, pluralisme agonistik memberikan kritik mendasar dari pendekatan Habermasian tradisional untuk ruang publik dan demokrasi. Kedua, dan mungkin lebih penting, saya berpendapat bahwa ide-idenya juga memberikan kritik sama kuat dari 'pluralisme naif' yang merayakan semua keragaman dan keragaman tanpa memperhatikan sentralitas lanjutan dari pertanyaan kekuasaan dan eksklusi di ruang publik. Sebagai McLennan (1995: 83-4) catatan, salah satu masalah utama dengan 'berprinsip pluralis' perspektif tetap bagaimana untuk membuat konsep kebutuhan untuk pluralisme dan keragaman tanpa jatuh ke dalam perangkap kerataan, relativisme, ketidakpedulian, dan penerimaan tidak perlu diragukan lagi dari pasar-didorong Perbedaan dan budaya konsumen. Sementara pendekatan Mouffe sendiri terbuka untuk kritik di berbagai bidang, ia berfungsi sebagai titik awal yang baik untuk menggambarkan beberapa masalah di memperdebatkan nilai pluralisme dalam politik media yang. Oleh karena itu tujuan membahas pendekatan atletik di sini bukan untuk berdebat untuk lebih pluralisme seperti itu. Sebaliknya, itu berfungsi untuk mempertanyakan inklusivitas wacana pluralis saat ini dan menekankan pentingnya terus menganalisis hubungan kekuasaan di ruang publik kontemporer. Sementara masalah 'pluralisme naif' tentu tidak asing dengan kebijakan media kontemporer, model agonistik demokrasi dibahas di sini sebagai dasar teoritis mungkin untuk membawa 'etos pluralisasi' saat menanggung juga pada tingkat struktur media dan politik .







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