The decision difficulty factor (Nenkov et al. (2008) MS-D) correlated  terjemahan - The decision difficulty factor (Nenkov et al. (2008) MS-D) correlated  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The decision difficulty factor (Nen

The decision difficulty factor (Nenkov et al. (2008) MS-D) correlated positively with indecisiveness, avoidance, regret, neuroticism, and depression. This factor also significantly correlated negatively with life satisfaction, happiness, optimism, and need for cognition. The high standards factor (Nenkov et al. (2008) MS-H) significantly correlated positively with regret, life satisfaction, happiness, optimism, and need for cognition. The high standards factor was significantly negatively correlated to indecisiveness, neuroticism, and depression. These results are in the opposite direction compared to the other two factors.
The Revised MS was also examined by each factor separately. The revised alternative search factor (Revised MS-A) significantly correlated positively with indecisiveness, avoidance, regret, and neuroticism. The only significant negative correlation was with need for cognition. It was unrelated to life satisfaction, depression, happiness, and optimism. The revised decision difficulty factor (Revised MS-D) correlated positively with indecisiveness, avoidance, regret, neuroticism, and depression. This factor also significantly correlated negatively with life satisfaction, happiness, optimism, and need for cognition. The revised high standards factor (Revised MS- H) significantly correlated positively with life satisfaction, happiness, optimism, and need for cognition. The high standards factor was significantly negatively correlated to indecisiveness, avoidance, neuroticism, and depression. The factor was also unrelated to regret. Similar to the Nenkov et al. (2008) MS-H these results are in the opposite direction compared to the other two factors. In addition, in almost every instance the correlations were stronger for the Revised MS-H than for the Nenkov et al. (2008) MS-H.
The original MTS and our revised MTS are negatively related to indecisiveness, avoidance, neuroticism, and depression. They are both positively related to life satisfaction, happiness, optimism and need for cognition. The original MTS is significantly related to regret, which Diab et al. (2008) also found. However, our revised scale is unrelated to regret.
4 Discussion
The purpose of the current study was two-fold: to address the construct validity of the maximizing construct, and to address the psychometric properties of the two prominent scales in hopes of clarifying conflicting findings. In regards to the construct validity of the maximizing construct, we conclude that the MS and MTS are measuring two distinct constructs. Specifically, the MS appears to be measuring difficulty and restlessness with the search for the best alternative, whereas the MTS is more focused on the search for the best option, regardless of choice difficulty. However, the high standards factor of the MS appears to be measuring a different construct than the other two factors. Indeed, the correlation between the high standards factor and the other two factors are quite low and in the case of the revised high standards factor it is unrelated to the decision difficulty factor. Whether using the original or the revised Short MS the alternative search and decision difficulty factors are negatively correlated with need for cognition, whereas the two versions of the MTS and the high standards factor from the MS are positively related to need for cognition. Thus, it is possible that if one enjoys complex thinking and does not find the search process stressful then maximizing will not have the negative consequences predicted by Schwartz et al. (2002). Finally, we believe that the MTS (and the Revised MTS) are more in line with Simon’s (1955; 1956) definition of maximization as an optimization goal.
In regards to the psychometric properties of the MTSand MS, both these scales suffer a number of shortcomings. However, contrary to Rim et al. (2011), the MTS was found to be unidimensional. In addition, removing three items resulted in a better overall fit. Therefore, future research should use the revised MTS. Although the MS provided good fit in regards to RMSEA, using other metrics the fit was poor. In regards to the IRT analysis, both scales did not fare well. Using our criterion for removal of items, we proposed that three items be removed from the MTS and that six items be removed from the MS. The proposed items contained little information in regards to the underlying construct and were low on item discrimination. Once these items were removed, the factor structure of both scales fared better. Using CFA, a three-factor model fit the
data well for the MS and all the items had high factor loadings. Using CFA, the Revised MTS resulted in a single factor and a better overall fit than the original MTS. Nenkov et al. (2008) proposed an alternative 6-item MS to the original 13-item MS, which contains many of the same items that are in our revised scale. However, we believe that our revised 7-item MS better represents the construct of maximizing as defined by Schwartz et al. psychometrically because we were able to use IRT to perform item level analysis. Therefore, we were able to get rid of items that contained little information in regards to the construct of maximizing. Schwartz et al. (2002) indicated that maximizers are generally unhappy. However, this appears to be true only when using the original 13-item scale. When using our revised MS, it appears that maximizers are not unhappy; however, maximization is still positively related to indecisiveness, avoidance, and regret. Thus, it appears that maximizing as measured by the MS is not related to life satisfaction or happiness, but rather the restlessness of maximizing. However, our Revised MTS is unidimensional, correlates positively with well-being, and is unrelated with regret. Thus, it appears that these two scales are not measuring the same construct.
Turner, Rim, Betz, and Nygren (2012) have recently proposed a new maximizing scale that consists of three factors (i.e., satisficing, decision difficulty, and alter- native search) called the Maximization Inventory (MI).
Turner et al. showed that the MI is superior psychometrically to the MS. The MI does not correlate highly with the MS and the MTS. In regards to the decision difficulty factor and the MTS the correlation is essentially zero. A great benefit of the MI is that one of the factors consists of items that measure satisficing. We believe this is an important advancement in the maximizing literature. The data do not support the assumption that maximizing and satisficing are on opposite ends of a continuum and therefore developing a satisficing measures is extremely important. Because their paper was published after our data collection we are unable to compare their scale with our revised scales quantitatively and therefore will focus on more qualitative issues.
First as a practical matter, the two factors in Turner et al. (2012) scale measuring maximizing uses 24-items, whereas the Revised MTS is only 6-items and the Revised Short MS is only 7-items. Although, there are tradeoffs between parsimony and construct deficiency, we believe the Revised MTS is not construct deficient for the con- struct it is stated to measure. Specifically, Diab et al. (2010) state that their scale is meant to measure the goal of optimization and we believe that it does measure that construct sufficiently and is a very parsimonious scale.
However, as we have discussed the definition of what is maximizing is elusive. Therefore, if one wants to mea- sure restlessness and the difficulty in maximizing then the MTS suffers from construct deficiency. The MI appears to be measuring restlessness and difficulty in maximiz- ing, particularly with the items in the decision difficulty factor. Not surprisingly, the items in the decision diffi- culty and alternative search factors are very similar to the items in the items in the original MS-D and MS-A fac- tors (Schwartz et al., 2002). However, their items are not about specific behaviors, but rather frame the items in more general behaviors. This is a benefit of the MI because the MS contain questions about specific behav- iors that may now be outdated such as renting videos, and writing letters. Although they did not use the same re- gret scale that previous studies have used, including the current study, these factors were significantly related to regret.
Decision difficulty was negatively related to general- ized self-efficacy, self-esteem, and optimism. However, it was unrelated to happiness. Turner et al. (2012) did not compare their scale to the shortened MS scale by Nenkov
et al. (2008) and did not examine their scales against the MS broken down by the three factors. In addition, they did not use the same measures of well-being we used in our study, but overall decision difficulty showed similar results to the MS in our study. However, except for regret, alternative search was generally unrelated to the measures of well-being. Tentatively, it appears the MI is a more psychometrically sound measure of maximizing behav- ior as defined by Schwartz et al. (2002) and has the added benefit of measuring satisficing directly. However, our Revised MTS provides a psychometrically sound unidi- mensional and global measure of maximization as an op- timization goal which is in line with Simon (1955; 1956) that is also more parsimonious than previous measures. Therefore, now that we have two psychometrically sound measures of maximizing, more experimental work needs to be conducted to examine the differences between these definitions of maximizing.
Finally, the current study highlights the use of IRT as an important tool that researchers should use when de- veloping and validating scales. As an item-level anal- ysis, IRT is uniquely positioned for understanding the quality of items with respect to their contribution to con- struct validity. Appropriate IRT models have also been shown to help attenuate some of the scaling issues that h
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The decision difficulty factor (Nenkov et al. (2008) MS-D) correlated positively with indecisiveness, avoidance, regret, neuroticism, and depression. This factor also significantly correlated negatively with life satisfaction, happiness, optimism, and need for cognition. The high standards factor (Nenkov et al. (2008) MS-H) significantly correlated positively with regret, life satisfaction, happiness, optimism, and need for cognition. The high standards factor was significantly negatively correlated to indecisiveness, neuroticism, and depression. These results are in the opposite direction compared to the other two factors.The Revised MS was also examined by each factor separately. The revised alternative search factor (Revised MS-A) significantly correlated positively with indecisiveness, avoidance, regret, and neuroticism. The only significant negative correlation was with need for cognition. It was unrelated to life satisfaction, depression, happiness, and optimism. The revised decision difficulty factor (Revised MS-D) correlated positively with indecisiveness, avoidance, regret, neuroticism, and depression. This factor also significantly correlated negatively with life satisfaction, happiness, optimism, and need for cognition. The revised high standards factor (Revised MS- H) significantly correlated positively with life satisfaction, happiness, optimism, and need for cognition. The high standards factor was significantly negatively correlated to indecisiveness, avoidance, neuroticism, and depression. The factor was also unrelated to regret. Similar to the Nenkov et al. (2008) MS-H these results are in the opposite direction compared to the other two factors. In addition, in almost every instance the correlations were stronger for the Revised MS-H than for the Nenkov et al. (2008) MS-H.The original MTS and our revised MTS are negatively related to indecisiveness, avoidance, neuroticism, and depression. They are both positively related to life satisfaction, happiness, optimism and need for cognition. The original MTS is significantly related to regret, which Diab et al. (2008) also found. However, our revised scale is unrelated to regret.4 DiscussionThe purpose of the current study was two-fold: to address the construct validity of the maximizing construct, and to address the psychometric properties of the two prominent scales in hopes of clarifying conflicting findings. In regards to the construct validity of the maximizing construct, we conclude that the MS and MTS are measuring two distinct constructs. Specifically, the MS appears to be measuring difficulty and restlessness with the search for the best alternative, whereas the MTS is more focused on the search for the best option, regardless of choice difficulty. However, the high standards factor of the MS appears to be measuring a different construct than the other two factors. Indeed, the correlation between the high standards factor and the other two factors are quite low and in the case of the revised high standards factor it is unrelated to the decision difficulty factor. Whether using the original or the revised Short MS the alternative search and decision difficulty factors are negatively correlated with need for cognition, whereas the two versions of the MTS and the high standards factor from the MS are positively related to need for cognition. Thus, it is possible that if one enjoys complex thinking and does not find the search process stressful then maximizing will not have the negative consequences predicted by Schwartz et al. (2002). Finally, we believe that the MTS (and the Revised MTS) are more in line with Simon’s (1955; 1956) definition of maximization as an optimization goal.In regards to the psychometric properties of the MTSand MS, both these scales suffer a number of shortcomings. However, contrary to Rim et al. (2011), the MTS was found to be unidimensional. In addition, removing three items resulted in a better overall fit. Therefore, future research should use the revised MTS. Although the MS provided good fit in regards to RMSEA, using other metrics the fit was poor. In regards to the IRT analysis, both scales did not fare well. Using our criterion for removal of items, we proposed that three items be removed from the MTS and that six items be removed from the MS. The proposed items contained little information in regards to the underlying construct and were low on item discrimination. Once these items were removed, the factor structure of both scales fared better. Using CFA, a three-factor model fit the data well for the MS and all the items had high factor loadings. Using CFA, the Revised MTS resulted in a single factor and a better overall fit than the original MTS. Nenkov et al. (2008) proposed an alternative 6-item MS to the original 13-item MS, which contains many of the same items that are in our revised scale. However, we believe that our revised 7-item MS better represents the construct of maximizing as defined by Schwartz et al. psychometrically because we were able to use IRT to perform item level analysis. Therefore, we were able to get rid of items that contained little information in regards to the construct of maximizing. Schwartz et al. (2002) indicated that maximizers are generally unhappy. However, this appears to be true only when using the original 13-item scale. When using our revised MS, it appears that maximizers are not unhappy; however, maximization is still positively related to indecisiveness, avoidance, and regret. Thus, it appears that maximizing as measured by the MS is not related to life satisfaction or happiness, but rather the restlessness of maximizing. However, our Revised MTS is unidimensional, correlates positively with well-being, and is unrelated with regret. Thus, it appears that these two scales are not measuring the same construct.Turner, Rim, Betz, and Nygren (2012) have recently proposed a new maximizing scale that consists of three factors (i.e., satisficing, decision difficulty, and alter- native search) called the Maximization Inventory (MI).Turner et al. showed that the MI is superior psychometrically to the MS. The MI does not correlate highly with the MS and the MTS. In regards to the decision difficulty factor and the MTS the correlation is essentially zero. A great benefit of the MI is that one of the factors consists of items that measure satisficing. We believe this is an important advancement in the maximizing literature. The data do not support the assumption that maximizing and satisficing are on opposite ends of a continuum and therefore developing a satisficing measures is extremely important. Because their paper was published after our data collection we are unable to compare their scale with our revised scales quantitatively and therefore will focus on more qualitative issues.
First as a practical matter, the two factors in Turner et al. (2012) scale measuring maximizing uses 24-items, whereas the Revised MTS is only 6-items and the Revised Short MS is only 7-items. Although, there are tradeoffs between parsimony and construct deficiency, we believe the Revised MTS is not construct deficient for the con- struct it is stated to measure. Specifically, Diab et al. (2010) state that their scale is meant to measure the goal of optimization and we believe that it does measure that construct sufficiently and is a very parsimonious scale.
However, as we have discussed the definition of what is maximizing is elusive. Therefore, if one wants to mea- sure restlessness and the difficulty in maximizing then the MTS suffers from construct deficiency. The MI appears to be measuring restlessness and difficulty in maximiz- ing, particularly with the items in the decision difficulty factor. Not surprisingly, the items in the decision diffi- culty and alternative search factors are very similar to the items in the items in the original MS-D and MS-A fac- tors (Schwartz et al., 2002). However, their items are not about specific behaviors, but rather frame the items in more general behaviors. This is a benefit of the MI because the MS contain questions about specific behav- iors that may now be outdated such as renting videos, and writing letters. Although they did not use the same re- gret scale that previous studies have used, including the current study, these factors were significantly related to regret.
Decision difficulty was negatively related to general- ized self-efficacy, self-esteem, and optimism. However, it was unrelated to happiness. Turner et al. (2012) did not compare their scale to the shortened MS scale by Nenkov
et al. (2008) and did not examine their scales against the MS broken down by the three factors. In addition, they did not use the same measures of well-being we used in our study, but overall decision difficulty showed similar results to the MS in our study. However, except for regret, alternative search was generally unrelated to the measures of well-being. Tentatively, it appears the MI is a more psychometrically sound measure of maximizing behav- ior as defined by Schwartz et al. (2002) and has the added benefit of measuring satisficing directly. However, our Revised MTS provides a psychometrically sound unidi- mensional and global measure of maximization as an op- timization goal which is in line with Simon (1955; 1956) that is also more parsimonious than previous measures. Therefore, now that we have two psychometrically sound measures of maximizing, more experimental work needs to be conducted to examine the differences between these definitions of maximizing.
Finally, the current study highlights the use of IRT as an important tool that researchers should use when de- veloping and validating scales. As an item-level anal- ysis, IRT is uniquely positioned for understanding the quality of items with respect to their contribution to con- struct validity. Appropriate IRT models have also been shown to help attenuate some of the scaling issues that h
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Kesulitan Keputusan faktor (Nenkov et al. (2008) MS-D) berkorelasi positif dengan ketidaktegasan, menghindari, penyesalan, neurotisisme, dan depresi. Faktor ini juga secara signifikan berkorelasi negatif dengan kepuasan hidup, kebahagiaan, optimisme, dan kebutuhan untuk kognisi. Faktor yang tinggi standar (Nenkov et al. (2008) MS-H) secara signifikan berkorelasi positif dengan penyesalan, kepuasan hidup, kebahagiaan, optimisme, dan perlu untuk kognisi. Faktor standar tinggi secara signifikan berkorelasi negatif dengan keraguan, neurotisisme, dan depresi. Hasil ini dalam arah yang berlawanan dibandingkan dengan dua faktor lainnya.
MS Revisi juga diperiksa oleh setiap faktor secara terpisah. Direvisi Faktor pencarian alternatif (Revisi MS-A) secara signifikan berkorelasi positif dengan ketidaktegasan, menghindari, penyesalan, dan neurotisisme. Satu-satunya korelasi negatif yang signifikan adalah dengan kebutuhan kognisi. Itu terkait dengan kepuasan hidup, depresi, kebahagiaan, dan optimisme. Direvisi faktor kesulitan keputusan (Revisi MS-D) berkorelasi positif dengan ketidaktegasan, menghindari, penyesalan, neurotisisme, dan depresi. Faktor ini juga secara signifikan berkorelasi negatif dengan kepuasan hidup, kebahagiaan, optimisme, dan kebutuhan untuk kognisi. Direvisi faktor standar tinggi (Revisi MS- H) secara signifikan berkorelasi positif dengan kepuasan hidup, kebahagiaan, optimisme, dan perlu untuk kognisi. Faktor standar tinggi secara signifikan berkorelasi negatif dengan keraguan, penghindaran, neurotisisme, dan depresi. Faktor ini juga terkait dengan menyesal. Serupa dengan Nenkov dkk. (2008) MS-H hasil ini dalam arah yang berlawanan dibandingkan dengan dua faktor lainnya. Selain itu, di hampir setiap contoh korelasi yang kuat untuk Revisi MS-H daripada untuk Nenkov dkk. (2008) MS-H.
The MTS asli dan MTS direvisi kami berhubungan negatif dengan keraguan, penghindaran, neurotisisme, dan depresi. Mereka berdua positif terkait dengan kepuasan hidup, kebahagiaan, optimisme dan perlu untuk kognisi. Asli MTS secara signifikan berhubungan dengan menyesal, yang Diab et al. (2008) juga ditemukan. Namun, skala direvisi kami tidak berhubungan dengan menyesal.
4 Diskusi
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah dua kali lipat: untuk mengatasi validitas konstruk konstruk memaksimalkan, dan untuk mengatasi sifat psikometrik dari dua skala yang menonjol dengan harapan mengklarifikasi temuan yang saling bertentangan . Dalam hal validitas konstruk konstruk memaksimalkan, kami menyimpulkan bahwa MS dan MTS mengukur dua konstruksi yang berbeda. Secara khusus, MS tampaknya akan mengukur kesulitan dan kegelisahan dengan pencarian alternatif terbaik, sedangkan MTS lebih difokuskan pada pencarian untuk pilihan terbaik, terlepas dari kesulitan pilihan. Namun, faktor standar yang tinggi dari MS tampaknya mengukur konstruk yang berbeda dari dua faktor lainnya. Memang, hubungan antara faktor standar yang tinggi dan dua faktor lainnya yang cukup rendah dan dalam kasus standar tinggi revisi faktor itu adalah terkait dengan faktor kesulitan keputusan. Apakah menggunakan asli atau direvisi Pendek MS faktor pencarian dan kesulitan keputusan alternatif berkorelasi negatif dengan kebutuhan kognisi, sedangkan dua versi dari MTS dan faktor standar yang tinggi dari MS berhubungan positif perlu untuk kognisi. Dengan demikian, adalah mungkin bahwa jika seseorang menikmati berpikir kompleks dan tidak menemukan proses pencarian stres maka memaksimalkan tidak akan memiliki konsekuensi negatif yang diperkirakan oleh Schwartz et al. (2002). Akhirnya, kami percaya bahwa MTS (dan Revisi MTS) yang lebih sesuai dengan Simon (1955; 1956) definisi maksimalisasi sebagai tujuan optimasi.
Berkenaan dengan sifat psikometrik dari MTSand MS, baik skala ini menderita sejumlah kekurangan. Namun, bertentangan dengan Rim dkk. (2011), MTS ditemukan unidimensional. Selain itu, menghapus tiga item mengakibatkan keseluruhan lebih cocok. Oleh karena itu, penelitian masa depan harus menggunakan MTS direvisi. Meskipun MS disediakan cocok dalam hal RMSEA, menggunakan metrik lainnya fit adalah miskin. Dalam hal analisis IRT, baik skala tidak tarif baik. Menggunakan kriteria kami untuk penghapusan item, kami mengusulkan bahwa tiga item dihapus dari MTS dan bahwa enam item dihapus dari MS. Item yang diusulkan terdapat sedikit informasi dalam hal membangun mendasari dan rendah pada diskriminasi item. Setelah barang-barang ini telah dihapus, struktur faktor kedua skala bernasib lebih baik. Menggunakan CFA, model tiga faktor sesuai dengan
data yang baik untuk MS dan semua item memiliki faktor beban tinggi. Menggunakan CFA, MTS Revisi menghasilkan faktor tunggal dan secara keseluruhan lebih cocok daripada MTS asli. Nenkov dkk. (2008) mengusulkan alternatif 6-item MS dengan aslinya 13-item MS, yang berisi banyak item yang sama yang dalam skala direvisi kami. Namun, kami percaya bahwa revisi 7-item kami MS lebih baik mewakili konstruk memaksimalkan seperti yang didefinisikan oleh Schwartz et al. psychometrically karena kami mampu menggunakan IRT untuk melakukan analisis tingkat item. Oleh karena itu, kami mampu menyingkirkan barang-barang yang berisi sedikit informasi dalam hal membangun memaksimalkan. Schwartz et al. (2002) menunjukkan bahwa maximizers umumnya bahagia. Namun, ini tampaknya benar hanya ketika menggunakan asli skala 13-item. Bila menggunakan MS direvisi kami, tampak bahwa maximizers tidak bahagia; Namun, maksimalisasi masih positif terkait dengan ketidaktegasan, penghindaran, dan penyesalan. Dengan demikian, tampak bahwa memaksimalkan yang diukur dengan MS tidak berhubungan dengan kepuasan hidup atau kebahagiaan, melainkan kegelisahan memaksimalkan. Namun, Revisi MTS kami adalah unidimensional, berkorelasi positif dengan kesejahteraan, dan tidak berhubungan dengan penyesalan. Dengan demikian, tampak bahwa dua skala ini tidak mengukur konstruk yang sama.
Turner, Rim, Betz, dan Nygren (2012) baru-baru ini mengusulkan skala memaksimalkan baru yang terdiri dari tiga faktor (yaitu, satisficing, kesulitan keputusan, dan memiliki alternatif pencarian) disebut Maksimalisasi Inventory (MI).
Turner et al. menunjukkan bahwa MI lebih unggul psychometrically ke MS. MI tidak berkorelasi sangat dengan MS dan MTS. Berkenaan dengan faktor kesulitan keputusan dan MTS korelasi pada dasarnya adalah nol. Satu manfaat besar dari MI adalah bahwa salah satu faktor terdiri dari item yang mengukur satisficing. Kami percaya ini merupakan kemajuan penting dalam literatur memaksimalkan. Data tidak mendukung asumsi bahwa memaksimalkan dan satisficing berada di ujung-ujung kontinum dan karena itu mengembangkan langkah-langkah satisficing sangat penting. Karena kertas mereka diterbitkan setelah pengumpulan data kami kami tidak dapat membandingkan mereka dengan skala timbangan direvisi kami kuantitatif dan karena itu akan fokus pada isu-isu yang lebih kualitatif.
Pertama sebagai hal praktis, dua faktor di Turner et al. (2012) memaksimalkan skala pengukuran menggunakan 24 item, sedangkan Revisi MTS hanya 6-item dan Revisi Pendek MS hanya 7-item. Meskipun, ada timbal balik antara penghematan dan membangun kekurangan, kami percaya Revisi MTS tidak membangun kekurangan untuk struct con dinyatakan untuk mengukur. Secara khusus, Diab et al. (2010) menyatakan bahwa skala mereka dimaksudkan untuk mengukur tujuan optimasi dan kami percaya bahwa hal itu mengukur bahwa membangun cukup dan skala yang sangat pelit.
Namun, seperti yang telah kita bahas definisi apa yang memaksimalkan sulit dipahami. Oleh karena itu, jika seseorang ingin untuk mengukur yakin kegelisahan dan kesulitan dalam memaksimalkan maka MTS menderita defisiensi konstruk. MI tampaknya mengukur kegelisahan dan kesulitan dalam ing maximiz-, terutama dengan item dalam faktor kesulitan keputusan. Tidak mengherankan, item dalam keputusan culty litan dan faktor pencarian alternatif yang sangat mirip dengan item dalam item dalam aslinya MS-D dan MS-A faktor-faktor (Schwartz et al., 2002). Namun, barang-barang mereka tidak tentang perilaku tertentu, melainkan bingkai item dalam perilaku yang lebih umum. Ini adalah manfaat dari MI karena MS mengandung pertanyaan tentang iors prilaku tertentu yang mungkin sekarang sudah ketinggalan zaman seperti menyewa video, dan menulis surat. Meskipun mereka tidak menggunakan skala yang sama kembali gret bahwa studi sebelumnya telah digunakan, termasuk studi saat ini, faktor-faktor ini secara signifikan terkait dengan menyesal.
Kesulitan Keputusan negatif terkait dengan Umum- terwujud self-efficacy, harga diri, dan optimisme. Namun, itu tidak terkait dengan kebahagiaan. Turner et al. (2012) tidak membandingkan skala mereka untuk MS skala disingkat dengan Nenkov
et al. (2008) dan tidak memeriksa sisik mereka terhadap MS dipecah oleh tiga faktor. Selain itu, mereka tidak menggunakan langkah-langkah yang sama dari kesejahteraan kita digunakan dalam penelitian kami, tapi kesulitan keputusan secara keseluruhan menunjukkan hasil yang sama dengan MS dalam penelitian kami. Namun, kecuali penyesalan, pencarian alternatif umumnya tidak berhubungan dengan ukuran kesejahteraan. Tentatif, tampaknya MI adalah lebih psychometrically suara ukuran memaksimalkan IOR prilaku seperti yang didefinisikan oleh Schwartz et al. (2002) dan memiliki manfaat tambahan untuk mengukur satisficing langsung. Namun, Revisi MTS kami menyediakan unidi- ukuran mensional dan global psychometrically suara maksimalisasi sebagai tujuan timization op yang sejalan dengan Simon (1955; 1956) yang juga lebih pelit dari langkah-langkah sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu, sekarang kita memiliki dua ukuran psychometrically suara memaksimalkan, pekerjaan lebih eksperimental perlu dilakukan untuk menguji perbedaan antara definisi ini memaksimalkan.
Akhirnya, penelitian ini menyoroti penggunaan IRT sebagai alat penting bahwa para peneliti harus menggunakan ketika de - veloping dan memvalidasi skala. Sebagai anal- ysis item-tingkat, IRT secara unik diposisikan untuk memahami kualitas barang sehubungan dengan kontribusi mereka terhadap con- struct validitas. Model IRT yang tepat juga telah ditunjukkan untuk membantu menipiskan beberapa isu skala yang h
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