Hasil (
Bahasa Indonesia) 1:
[Salinan]Disalin!
It must be in accordance with the ethical and cultural environment of thesociety keeping in view the principle of utility and public interest. Islamic ethicalphilosophy of economics has divided the socio-economic utility into a three levelhierarchy that are necessities (daruriyyat), needs (Hajat) and luxuries (Tahsinat).(Shatibi,1341 A.H., pp.9-14). Justice (Adl) and benevolence (Ehsan) however, shouldbe correctly interpreted to face modern economic challenges under the capitalistsupremacy (Asghar Ali,1980,pp.13-23).The Qur’anic provisions regarding economy reveal that Islamic economics hasa dual character. It is positive as it studies economic problems as they are. It isnormative because it also concerns with the future scope and the consequences of acontemporary problem. In this way, both positive and normative aspects of Islamiceconomics are so interlinked that they cannot be separated from each other and thus,lead that the economic problems and the issues should be viewed in their totality(Mannan,1986,pp.5-8). To ensure social justice in changed scenario, Islam justprovided a frame-work to analyze changed circumstances and changed techniquesarising from the system of dynamism and left the detail at the discretion of thebelievers to decide. This is the reason that the Holy Prophet (PBUH) declared: “Ifsomething belongs to the domain of your affairs, then you know all about it. (You arethe best judge thereof and have the right and the capacity to deal with it according tothe Shari’ah” (Ibn Majah,1988, Vol.2, p.34).2. Institutions of Economy in Historical PerspectiveIn the history of economics, certain institutions have been recognized andpracticed by all and nations of the world from time immemorial such as trade,partnership, riba, rent and mudarbah. The fact is that Islam did not introduce anydistinctive system of the economy rather recognized those institutions of economywhich were not against its objectives such as trade, partnership and qirad/mudarbahwhile those means of earning which were based on the principle of exploitation andresulted in social discrimination were declared prohibited by the divine revelationsuch as riba, gambling, hoarding of wealth etc. To establish a well-fare state, the HolyProphet (PBUH) interpreted the legal texts of the Qur ̓an in the light of the changedcontext. For instance, in addition to the prohibition of riba al-nasi’ah, the Prophet(PBUH) prohibited riba al-Fadl. (Ali Hasbillah,1976,p.226).Naseem Razi31The companions particularly, the Khulafa–e-Rashdin adopted the same policyand brought certain changes in the existing institutions of the economy to cope withthe changed scenario in the guise of the doctrines of necessity (darurah) and publicinterest. For instance, Hadrat Umar prohibited Muslims from tilling the soil eitherthemselves or by employing others and to have landed properties which in fact, arepermissible by the Qur’anic provisions. (Sarakhsi,1376A.H. 1:126). Moreover, hemade the wealth of the people under the direct control of the state and introduced asalary system for scholars and judges (Abu Yusuf, n.d.p.89).As far as concerned the institutions of riba (usury), it was existed and practicedover the centuries in Europe, North Africa, and Middle-East in its extremeexploitative from and caused to create a highly unequal relationship between themoney lenders, owner of large estates and the borrower, the poor and the suppressedclass of society and it was this reason that all the religions condemned usury (riba) andprohibited it (Rodney, p.32). For instance, The Jewish Holy Book, Leviticus declared:“If one of your countrymen becomes poor and is unable to support himself . . . helphim . . . do not take usury of any kind from him. . . You must not lend him money onusury or sell him food at a profit (25:35-36). Likewise, Christian’s view about riba(usury) is also based on their religious ethics of the economy and it is stated in theDeuteronomy: “Do not charge your brother usury whether on money or on food oranything else that may earn usury/interest”(19:19). There were circumstances underwhich Christian could deal with credit such as in the conduct of trade (Leon, 1977,p.16).Towards the end of the 16 th century, the idea of interest based economyintroduced in the European societies to condemn feudalism, to ensure capital growthand to provide benefit of the capital to the creditors (Tawner,1977, p.234). JohnCalvin was the first who presented the idea of interest to reconcile secular andreligious opinion and to break through the stagnant intellectual environment offeudal-dominated medieval Europe (Maxime,1974, p.104). This idea was based on theassumption as pointed out by Tawney (1977) that “why should a creditor who mayhimself be poor, make a loan gratis, in order to put money into the pocket of awealthy capitalist who uses the advance to corner the wool crop or to speculate on theexchange” (p.185). It was argued that in a society where production is largely ofsubsistence, borrowing should be resorted to. The borrower should return not onlythe amount advanced but a certain percentage of the principal as interest.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
