As in earlier studies of patients with kleptomania, wefound a high rat terjemahan - As in earlier studies of patients with kleptomania, wefound a high rat Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

As in earlier studies of patients w

As in earlier studies of patients with kleptomania, we
found a high rate of comorbidity, especially with mood
disorders. No significant differences were found between
groups on anxiety and mood measures. The rates of coTABLE
2. Lifetime Comorbid Disorders in 11 Patients With
Kleptomania
Disorder N %
Mood disorders 8 73
Bipolar disorder 3 27
Recurrent depression 5 45
Anxiety disorders 2 18
Generalized anxiety 1 9
Social phobia 1 9
Impulse-control disorders 4 36
Compulsive buying 2 18
Trichotillomania 1 9
Impulse-control disorder not otherwise specified 1 9
Substance abuse or dependence 5 45
Alcohol 1 9
Nicotine 4 36
Eating disorders: bulimia 2 18
Paraphilia 1 9
Personality disorders 6 55
Histrionic 2 18
Not specified 4 36
Suicidal behavior 4 36
1512 Am J Psychiatry 160:8, August 2003
KLEPTOMANIA
http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org
morbid substance abuse and dependence and impulsecontrol
disorders in patients with kleptomania were high,
but lower than those for mood disorders. No lifetime obsessive-compulsive
disorder and related disorders such as
nail biting, psychogenic excoriation, and tics were found
in the patients with kleptomania in our study (22). The comorbid
disorders that were found in the patients with
kleptomania share common clinical features and to some
extent a common phenomenology. Our data support the
inclusion of kleptomania in the affective disorders spectrum.
We found that the treatment response to antidepressants
or mood stabilizers in both mood disorder and
kleptomania was better in the short term and worsened
with time. No specific effect of treatment on the theft behavior
can be pointed out, because the pathological conditions
were mixed. It is interesting to note that one patient
took successively four distinct selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitor medications. Because she could not see
enough improvement, she successively stopped the medication
and asked for more. With each drug, her kleptomaniac
behavior was similarly decreased without being completely
eradicated. Moreover, she did not have symptoms
of a comorbid mood disorder.
Unlike the comorbidity rate of mood disorders, the comorbidity
rate of substance-related disorders was low in
patients with kleptomania, especially if nicotine dependence
was considered to be of minor importance compared
with alcohol dependence.
Furthermore, measures of impulsivity were higher in
the patients with kleptomania than in the psychiatric
comparison patients and the patients with alcohol abuse
or dependence. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale cognitive
impulsivity score was significantly higher in patients with
kleptomania, either reflecting a specific thinking process
in those patients or a sampling bias because of the high
proportion of female subjects in the group with kleptomania.
Indeed, cognitive impulsivity scores have been found
to be higher and less age-dependent in female subjects
(17), but the gender difference in these scores was not significant
in the current study. According to the clinical definition
of kleptomania, impulsivity distinguishes patients
with the disorder from those with other psychiatric disorders,
including alcohol dependence. In addition, the patients
with kleptomania and those with alcohol abuse or
dependence in this study had higher Sensation Seeking
Scale scores than the psychiatric comparison patients.
This specific psychopathological profile does not support
the inclusion of kleptomania in a general addictive spectrum
in which behavioral disturbances (mostly impulsecontrol
disorders) are included. It is interesting to note
that the Sensation Seeking Scale disinhibition score of the
patients with kleptomania was significantly higher than
that of the psychiatric comparison patients and was comparable
to that of the patients with alcohol abuse or dependence.
The items that make up the disinhibition measure
are related mainly to substance use and abuse, and
the patients with kleptomania in this study did not have a
high rate of major substance-related disorders. Even
though their responses on this measure suggested a tendency
for substance abuse, they apparently could control
that tendency, although they failed to control other socially
discredited behavior.
Finally, no obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders
were found in the patients with kleptomania, except for
one subject. This finding is in keeping with the conclusion
of the family study by Bienvenu et al. (6), which did not
support the inclusion of impulse-control disorders in the
obsessive-compulsive spectrum.
In conclusion, kleptomania presented a specific psychopathological
profile that distinguished it both from
substance abuse and dependence and from other (nonsubstance-related
and non-impulse-control) psychiatric
disorders. Impulsivity remains the major psychopathological
feature of kleptomania. The link between kleptomania
and affective disorder is supported by the high comorbidity
rates of mood disorders reported in three previous
studies and in most reports of single cases. In addition, a
specific pattern of variation in disorders over time in
which the pathological behavior of kleptomania increases
or decreases after changes in mood has been described in
several cases (11, 23). The retrospective method used here
is strongly limited, but the pattern of alternating disorders
was found in about half of the patients with kleptomania
in this study. This specific relationship should be confirmed
in further prospective studies. Because patients
with kleptomania share severe psychopathology and have
a low rate of comorbid major substance-related disorders,
insights about the information processes and the psychobiology
underlying impulsivity may be gained from studies
involving them.
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As in earlier studies of patients with kleptomania, wefound a high rate of comorbidity, especially with mooddisorders. No significant differences were found betweengroups on anxiety and mood measures. The rates of coTABLE2. Lifetime Comorbid Disorders in 11 Patients WithKleptomaniaDisorder N %Mood disorders 8 73Bipolar disorder 3 27Recurrent depression 5 45Anxiety disorders 2 18Generalized anxiety 1 9Social phobia 1 9Impulse-control disorders 4 36Compulsive buying 2 18Trichotillomania 1 9Impulse-control disorder not otherwise specified 1 9Substance abuse or dependence 5 45Alcohol 1 9Nicotine 4 36Eating disorders: bulimia 2 18Paraphilia 1 9Personality disorders 6 55Histrionic 2 18Not specified 4 36Suicidal behavior 4 361512 Am J Psychiatry 160:8, August 2003KLEPTOMANIAhttp://ajp.psychiatryonline.orgmorbid substance abuse and dependence and impulsecontroldisorders in patients with kleptomania were high,but lower than those for mood disorders. No lifetime obsessive-compulsivedisorder and related disorders such asnail biting, psychogenic excoriation, and tics were foundin the patients with kleptomania in our study (22). The comorbiddisorders that were found in the patients withkleptomania share common clinical features and to someextent a common phenomenology. Our data support theinclusion of kleptomania in the affective disorders spectrum.We found that the treatment response to antidepressantsor mood stabilizers in both mood disorder andkleptomania was better in the short term and worsenedwith time. No specific effect of treatment on the theft behaviorcan be pointed out, because the pathological conditionswere mixed. It is interesting to note that one patienttook successively four distinct selective serotoninreuptake inhibitor medications. Because she could not seeenough improvement, she successively stopped the medicationand asked for more. With each drug, her kleptomaniacbehavior was similarly decreased without being completelyeradicated. Moreover, she did not have symptomsof a comorbid mood disorder.Unlike the comorbidity rate of mood disorders, the comorbidityrate of substance-related disorders was low inpatients with kleptomania, especially if nicotine dependencewas considered to be of minor importance comparedwith alcohol dependence.Furthermore, measures of impulsivity were higher inthe patients with kleptomania than in the psychiatriccomparison patients and the patients with alcohol abuseor dependence. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale cognitiveimpulsivity score was significantly higher in patients withkleptomania, either reflecting a specific thinking processin those patients or a sampling bias because of the highproportion of female subjects in the group with kleptomania.Indeed, cognitive impulsivity scores have been foundto be higher and less age-dependent in female subjects(17), but the gender difference in these scores was not significantin the current study. According to the clinical definitionof kleptomania, impulsivity distinguishes patientswith the disorder from those with other psychiatric disorders,including alcohol dependence. In addition, the patientswith kleptomania and those with alcohol abuse ordependence in this study had higher Sensation SeekingScale scores than the psychiatric comparison patients.This specific psychopathological profile does not supportthe inclusion of kleptomania in a general addictive spectrumin which behavioral disturbances (mostly impulsecontroldisorders) are included. It is interesting to notethat the Sensation Seeking Scale disinhibition score of thepatients with kleptomania was significantly higher thanthat of the psychiatric comparison patients and was comparableto that of the patients with alcohol abuse or dependence.The items that make up the disinhibition measureare related mainly to substance use and abuse, andthe patients with kleptomania in this study did not have ahigh rate of major substance-related disorders. Eventhough their responses on this measure suggested a tendencyfor substance abuse, they apparently could controlthat tendency, although they failed to control other sociallydiscredited behavior.Finally, no obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorderswere found in the patients with kleptomania, except forone subject. This finding is in keeping with the conclusionof the family study by Bienvenu et al. (6), which did notsupport the inclusion of impulse-control disorders in theobsessive-compulsive spectrum.In conclusion, kleptomania presented a specific psychopathologicalprofile that distinguished it both fromsubstance abuse and dependence and from other (nonsubstance-relatedand non-impulse-control) psychiatricdisorders. Impulsivity remains the major psychopathologicalfeature of kleptomania. The link between kleptomaniaand affective disorder is supported by the high comorbidityrates of mood disorders reported in three previousstudies and in most reports of single cases. In addition, aspecific pattern of variation in disorders over time inwhich the pathological behavior of kleptomania increasesor decreases after changes in mood has been described inseveral cases (11, 23). The retrospective method used hereis strongly limited, but the pattern of alternating disorderswas found in about half of the patients with kleptomaniain this study. This specific relationship should be confirmedin further prospective studies. Because patientswith kleptomania share severe psychopathology and havea low rate of comorbid major substance-related disorders,insights about the information processes and the psychobiologyunderlying impulsivity may be gained from studiesinvolving them.
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Seperti dalam studi sebelumnya pasien dengan kleptomania, kami
menemukan tingkat tinggi komorbiditas, terutama dengan suasana hati
gangguan. Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan yang ditemukan antara
kelompok pada kecemasan dan suasana hati tindakan. Tingkat coTABLE
2. Lifetime penyerta Gangguan di 11 Pasien Dengan
kleptomania
Disorder N%
gangguan mood 8 73
Bipolar disorder 3 27
berulang depresi 5 45
Gangguan kecemasan 2 18
kecemasan Generalized 1 9
Fobia sosial 1 9
gangguan Impulse-control 4 36
Kompulsif membeli 2 18
trikotilomania 1 9
Impulse- gangguan kontrol tidak ditentukan 1 9
Penyalahgunaan zat atau ketergantungan 5 45
Alkohol 1 9
Nikotin 4 36
Gangguan makan: bulimia 2 18
Paraphilia 1 9
Kepribadian gangguan 6 55
histerik 2 18
Tidak ditentukan 4 36
perilaku bunuh diri 4 36
1512 Am J Psychiatry 160: 8 , Agustus 2003
kleptomania
http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org
penyalahgunaan zat sehat dan ketergantungan dan impulsecontrol
gangguan pada pasien dengan kleptomania yang tinggi,
tetapi lebih rendah dari yang untuk gangguan mood. Tidak ada seumur hidup obsesif-kompulsif
disorder dan terkait gangguan seperti
menggigit kuku, ekskoriasi psikogenik, dan tics ditemukan
pada pasien dengan kleptomania dalam penelitian kami (22). The komorbiditas
gangguan yang ditemukan pada pasien dengan
pangsa kleptomania klinis umum dan untuk beberapa
batas suatu fenomenologi umum. Data kami mendukung
dimasukkannya kleptomania dalam gangguan spektrum afektif.
Kami menemukan bahwa respons pengobatan antidepresan
atau stabilisator suasana hati di kedua gangguan mood dan
kleptomania lebih baik dalam jangka pendek dan memburuk
dengan waktu. Tidak ada efek khusus pengobatan pada perilaku pencurian
dapat menunjukkan, karena kondisi patologis
yang dicampur. Sangat menarik untuk dicatat bahwa satu pasien
mengambil berturut-turut empat berbeda selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitor obat. Karena dia tidak bisa melihat
perbaikan yang cukup, ia berturut-turut berhenti obat
dan meminta lebih. Dengan masing-masing obat, kleptomaniak nya
perilaku itu sama menurun tanpa benar-benar
diberantas. Selain itu, ia tidak memiliki gejala
dari gangguan mood komorbid.
Berbeda dengan tingkat komorbiditas gangguan mood, yang komorbiditas
tingkat gangguan-zat yang berhubungan rendah di
pasien dengan kleptomania, terutama jika ketergantungan nikotin
dianggap kurang penting dibandingkan
dengan alkohol ketergantungan.
Selain itu, langkah-langkah dari impulsivitas lebih tinggi pada
pasien dengan kleptomania daripada di kejiwaan
pasien perbandingan dan pasien dengan penyalahgunaan alkohol
atau ketergantungan. The Barratt Impulsif Skala kognitif
Rata impulsif secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada pasien dengan
kleptomania, baik yang mencerminkan proses berpikir tertentu
pada pasien atau bias sampling karena tingginya
proporsi subjek perempuan dalam kelompok dengan kleptomania.
Memang, skor impulsif kognitif telah ditemukan
lebih tinggi dan dalam mata pelajaran perempuan tergantung usia kurang
(17), tetapi perbedaan gender dalam nilai ini tidak signifikan
dalam penelitian ini. Menurut definisi klinis
dari kleptomania, impulsif membedakan pasien
dengan gangguan dari orang-orang dengan gangguan kejiwaan lainnya,
termasuk ketergantungan alkohol. Selain itu, pasien
dengan kleptomania dan mereka dengan penyalahgunaan alkohol atau
ketergantungan dalam penelitian ini memiliki Sensation tinggi Mencari
skor Skala daripada pasien perbandingan kejiwaan.
Profil ini psikopatologis tertentu tidak mendukung
masuknya kleptomania dalam spektrum adiktif umum
di mana gangguan perilaku ( sebagian besar impulsecontrol
gangguan) yang dimasukkan. Sangat menarik untuk dicatat
bahwa Sensation Seeking skor disinhibisi Skala dari
pasien dengan kleptomania secara signifikan lebih tinggi daripada
yang dari pasien perbandingan kejiwaan dan sebanding
dengan yang dari pasien dengan penyalahgunaan alkohol atau ketergantungan.
Item yang membentuk ukuran rasa malu
yang terkait terutama untuk penggunaan narkoba dan penyalahgunaan, dan
pasien dengan kleptomania dalam penelitian ini tidak memiliki
tingkat tinggi gangguan-zat terkait utama. Bahkan
meskipun tanggapan mereka pada ukuran ini menyarankan kecenderungan
untuk penyalahgunaan zat, mereka tampaknya bisa mengendalikan
kecenderungan bahwa, meskipun mereka gagal untuk mengontrol lainnya sosial
perilaku didiskreditkan.
Akhirnya, tidak ada gangguan spektrum obsesif-kompulsif
ditemukan pada pasien dengan kleptomania, kecuali
satu subjek. Temuan ini sesuai dengan kesimpulan
dari studi keluarga dengan Bienvenu et al. (6), yang tidak
mendukung masuknya gangguan impuls-kontrol dalam
spektrum obsesif-kompulsif.
Kesimpulannya, kleptomania disajikan psikopatologis spesifik
profil yang membedakan keduanya dari
penyalahgunaan zat dan ketergantungan dan dari lainnya (-nonsubstance terkait
dan non impuls-kontrol) kejiwaan
gangguan. Impulsif tetap psikopatologis utama
fitur kleptomania. Hubungan antara kleptomania
dan gangguan afektif didukung oleh komorbiditas tinggi
tingkat gangguan mood yang dilaporkan dalam tiga sebelumnya
studi dan dalam kebanyakan laporan kasus tunggal. Selain itu,
pola tertentu dari variasi dalam gangguan dari waktu ke waktu di
mana perilaku patologis meningkat kleptomania
atau penurunan setelah perubahan suasana hati telah dijelaskan dalam
beberapa kasus (11, 23). Metode retrospektif yang digunakan di sini
sangat terbatas, tetapi pola gangguan bolak
ditemukan di sekitar setengah dari pasien dengan kleptomania
dalam penelitian ini. Hubungan khusus ini harus dikonfirmasi
di prospektif studi lebih lanjut. Karena pasien
dengan pangsa kleptomania psikopatologi berat dan memiliki
tingkat rendah dari gangguan-zat terkait utama komorbiditas,
wawasan tentang proses informasi dan psychobiology
mendasari impulsif dapat diperoleh dari penelitian
yang melibatkan mereka.
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