Medical examiners and coroners are excellent sources of data on sudden terjemahan - Medical examiners and coroners are excellent sources of data on sudden Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Medical examiners and coroners are

Medical examiners and coroners are excellent sources of data on sudden or
unexpected deaths. Data are available at the state or county level and include
detailed information about the cause and the nature of death that is unavailable
on the death certificate. These data are especially valuable for surveillance
of intentional and unintentional injuries, as well as for sudden deaths of
unknown cause. Data from the national system have been used to investigate
the magnitude of the problem of use of methamphetamine, the most widely
illegally manufactured, distributed, and abused type of stimulant drug (Greenblatt
et al. 1995).
Information on Health Status, Risk Factors,
and Experiences of Populations
Since the determinants of many important public health problems are behavioral,
health agencies need information that is not readily available from
medical records on the prevalence of various types of behavior and on access
to care. Thus, regularly conducted surveys of the general population are
needed for public health surveillance. These surveys may range from largescale
assessments of the general population to assessments targeted at highrisk
(i.e., particularly vulnerable) populations. This need is particularly acute
at the state and local level. For example, the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES) (CDC 1994c) provides data to monitor
changes in the dietary, nutritional, and health status of the US population.
The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (Massey et al. 1989) is an
annual cross-sectional household interview survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized
US population, which can be used to estimate a variety of health
status measures such as smoking prevalence (CDC 1994d) and vaccine coverage.
The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) (Schappert
1992) can be used to quantify utilization of medical services. For example, the
data show a lower rate of mammography use by women aged over 50 years
(who are at greatest risk for breast cancer), perhaps due to the finding that
Public Health Surveillance 117
these women are less likely to visit gynecologists, and of all physician specialists,
gynecologists are most likely to recommend mammograms (CDC
1995b).
The surveillance of risk factors is useful, especially for chronic conditions.
Prevalence of specific behavioral risk factors can be measured by the Behavioral
Risk Factor Surveillance System (Siegel et al. 1993), by the Youth Risk
Factor Behavioral Surveillance System (Serdula et al. 1993), by medical risk
factors (e.g., NHANES and Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring
System), by use of health care services and identification of underserved
populations (e.g., NHIS), and by potential for exposure to toxic agents (e.g.,
the National Occupational Exposure Survey [Lyles and Kupper 1996]).
One example of an internal performance measurement and quality improvement
system associated with managed care is the "report card" known
as the Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) (Corrigan
and Nielsen 1993; Campion and Rosenblatt 1996). Several of the indicators
are preventive: incidence of low birth weight infants, utilization of vaccinations,
mammography, cervical cancer screening, screening for cholesterol,
prenatal care, and retinal examinations for persons with diabetes (Cooper
1995) (see Chapter 10).
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Medical examiners and coroners are excellent sources of data on sudden orunexpected deaths. Data are available at the state or county level and includedetailed information about the cause and the nature of death that is unavailableon the death certificate. These data are especially valuable for surveillanceof intentional and unintentional injuries, as well as for sudden deaths ofunknown cause. Data from the national system have been used to investigatethe magnitude of the problem of use of methamphetamine, the most widelyillegally manufactured, distributed, and abused type of stimulant drug (Greenblattet al. 1995).Information on Health Status, Risk Factors,and Experiences of PopulationsSince the determinants of many important public health problems are behavioral,health agencies need information that is not readily available frommedical records on the prevalence of various types of behavior and on accessto care. Thus, regularly conducted surveys of the general population areneeded for public health surveillance. These surveys may range from largescaleassessments of the general population to assessments targeted at highrisk(i.e., particularly vulnerable) populations. This need is particularly acuteat the state and local level. For example, the National Health and NutritionExamination Survey (NHANES) (CDC 1994c) provides data to monitorchanges in the dietary, nutritional, and health status of the US population.The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (Massey et al. 1989) is anannual cross-sectional household interview survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalizedUS population, which can be used to estimate a variety of healthstatus measures such as smoking prevalence (CDC 1994d) and vaccine coverage.The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) (Schappert1992) can be used to quantify utilization of medical services. For example, thedata show a lower rate of mammography use by women aged over 50 years(who are at greatest risk for breast cancer), perhaps due to the finding thatPublic Health Surveillance 117these women are less likely to visit gynecologists, and of all physician specialists,gynecologists are most likely to recommend mammograms (CDC1995b).The surveillance of risk factors is useful, especially for chronic conditions.Prevalence of specific behavioral risk factors can be measured by the BehavioralRisk Factor Surveillance System (Siegel et al. 1993), by the Youth RiskFactor Behavioral Surveillance System (Serdula et al. 1993), by medical riskfactors (e.g., NHANES and Pregnancy Risk Assessment and MonitoringSystem), by use of health care services and identification of underservedpopulations (e.g., NHIS), and by potential for exposure to toxic agents (e.g.,the National Occupational Exposure Survey [Lyles and Kupper 1996]).One example of an internal performance measurement and quality improvementsystem associated with managed care is the "report card" knownas the Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) (Corriganand Nielsen 1993; Campion and Rosenblatt 1996). Several of the indicatorsare preventive: incidence of low birth weight infants, utilization of vaccinations,mammography, cervical cancer screening, screening for cholesterol,prenatal care, and retinal examinations for persons with diabetes (Cooper1995) (see Chapter 10).
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Pemeriksa medis dan koroner merupakan sumber yang sangat baik dari data tiba-tiba atau
kematian tak terduga. Data yang tersedia di tingkat negara atau daerah dan termasuk
informasi rinci tentang penyebab dan sifat kematian yang tidak tersedia
pada sertifikat kematian. Data-data ini sangat berharga untuk surveilans
cedera disengaja dan tidak disengaja, serta untuk kematian mendadak
tidak diketahui penyebabnya. Data dari sistem nasional telah digunakan untuk menyelidiki
besarnya masalah penggunaan metamfetamin, yang paling banyak
secara ilegal diproduksi, didistribusikan, dan jenis obat perangsang disalahgunakan (Greenblatt
et al. 1995).
Informasi tentang Status Kesehatan, Faktor Risiko,
dan Pengalaman Populasi
Sejak penentu banyak masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang penting adalah perilaku,
lembaga kesehatan membutuhkan informasi yang tidak tersedia dari
catatan medis pada prevalensi berbagai jenis perilaku dan akses
ke perawatan. Dengan demikian, survei dilakukan secara rutin dari populasi umum yang
diperlukan untuk surveilans kesehatan masyarakat. Survei ini dapat berkisar dari berskala
penilaian dari populasi umum untuk penilaian ditargetkan pada resiko tinggi
(yaitu, sangat rentan) populasi. Kebutuhan ini sangat akut
di tingkat negara bagian dan lokal. Sebagai contoh, National Health dan Nutrition
Survey Pemeriksaan (NHANES) (CDC 1994c) menyediakan data untuk memantau
perubahan status diet, gizi, dan kesehatan penduduk AS.
The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (Massey et al. 1989 ) adalah
cross-sectional survei wawancara rumah tangga tahunan sipil, noninstitutionalized
penduduk AS, yang dapat digunakan untuk memperkirakan berbagai kesehatan
tindakan status seperti prevalensi merokok (CDC 1994d) dan cakupan vaksin.
The National Ambulatory Survey Perawatan Medis (NAMCS ) (Schappert
1992) dapat digunakan untuk mengukur pemanfaatan layanan medis. Sebagai contoh,
data yang menunjukkan tingkat yang lebih rendah dari penggunaan mamografi oleh wanita berusia di atas 50 tahun
(yang berada pada risiko terbesar untuk kanker payudara), mungkin karena temuan bahwa
Surveillance Kesehatan Masyarakat 117
wanita ini cenderung untuk mengunjungi dokter ahli kandungan, dan semua dokter spesialis,
dokter ahli kandungan yang paling mungkin untuk merekomendasikan mammogram (CDC
1995b).
The surveilans faktor risiko berguna, terutama untuk kondisi kronis.
Prevalensi faktor risiko perilaku tertentu dapat diukur dengan Perilaku
Faktor Risiko Surveillance System (Siegel et al. 1993), oleh Pemuda Risiko
Faktor Behavioral Surveillance System (Serdula et al. 1993), dengan resiko medis
faktor (misalnya, NHANES dan Penilaian Risiko Kehamilan dan Monitoring
System), dengan menggunakan pelayanan kesehatan dan identifikasi terlayani
populasi (misalnya, NHIS), dan dengan potensi paparan agen beracun (misalnya,
National Occupational Exposure Survey [Lyles dan Kupper 1996]).
Salah satu contoh pengukuran kinerja dan peningkatan mutu internal
sistem yang berhubungan dengan perawatan yang dikelola adalah "rapor" yang dikenal
sebagai Rencana Kesehatan Kerja Data dan Informasi Set (Hedis) (Corrigan
dan Nielsen 1993; Campion dan Rosenblatt 1996). Beberapa indikator
yang preventif: kejadian bayi berat lahir rendah, pemanfaatan vaksinasi,
mamografi, pemeriksaan kanker serviks, skrining untuk kolesterol,
perawatan prenatal, dan pemeriksaan retina bagi penyandang diabetes (Cooper
1995) (lihat Bab 10).
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