Cooperatives have emerged in response to market failures that governme terjemahan - Cooperatives have emerged in response to market failures that governme Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Cooperatives have emerged in respon

Cooperatives have emerged in response to market failures that government, not-for-profit and IOF business models have not been ideally suited to resolve (Cook, 1995; Goddard et al., 2002). They also play a significant role in economic self-development for individuals and their communities (Tewari, 2011; Doyon, 2002; Kalmi, 2007). The ownership and capital structures of cooperatives are developed around democratic control and a greater emphasis on social purposes than is typically the case for IOFs (Novkovic, 2008). This study examined the process of financing cooperatives and the design and implementation issues associated with CCUs, which have recently been introduced into the Australian cooperative legislation.

Unlike IOFs, any issuing of share capital that allows enhanced voting rights to investors will threaten the democratic principles of cooperatives. Further, if a share issue is decoupled from patronage, there is also an erosion of the overall purpose for which the cooperative was established (Henrÿ, 2005). The introduction of external equity into a mutually owned business can create significant governance challenges, which can lead to suboptimal capital structures and less efficient performance (Gentzoglanis, 2007). The findings from this research suggest that CCUs have potential as equity instruments with multiple alternative uses. These include their ability to unlock member value, create permanent capital (retain capital), attract capital investment and reward patronage. A framework (Table III) for the configuration of CCUs in terms of ownership rights, market facilitation, distribution of returns and governance options emerged from the Delphi study and subsequent focus groups. This framework highlights the need to appease investor concerns over a lack of voting rights by adjusting the risk-return equation in the
design of the CCU.

Finally, this study proposed a cooperative equity and governance structure that could enable the payment of a variable (and potentially franked) dividend at the Board’s discretion (which would be preferable from the cooperative’s perspective) while remaining an attractive investor proposition (Table IV). In this structure, the dividend on CCUs is linked to the dividend on member shares, with members being required to maintain a minimum holding of investor shares. This ensures that member and investor interests are closely aligned, and therefore, they provide a sense of security to investors without compromising member control.To the best of our knowledge, thisis a novel proposition thatis not currently found in theory or practice. The insights provided by this study should be of interest to a wide range of stakeholders, including cooperatives, professional advisors to these businesses, government regulators, investors and researchers.
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Cooperatives have emerged in response to market failures that government, not-for-profit and IOF business models have not been ideally suited to resolve (Cook, 1995; Goddard et al., 2002). They also play a significant role in economic self-development for individuals and their communities (Tewari, 2011; Doyon, 2002; Kalmi, 2007). The ownership and capital structures of cooperatives are developed around democratic control and a greater emphasis on social purposes than is typically the case for IOFs (Novkovic, 2008). This study examined the process of financing cooperatives and the design and implementation issues associated with CCUs, which have recently been introduced into the Australian cooperative legislation.Unlike IOFs, any issuing of share capital that allows enhanced voting rights to investors will threaten the democratic principles of cooperatives. Further, if a share issue is decoupled from patronage, there is also an erosion of the overall purpose for which the cooperative was established (Henrÿ, 2005). The introduction of external equity into a mutually owned business can create significant governance challenges, which can lead to suboptimal capital structures and less efficient performance (Gentzoglanis, 2007). The findings from this research suggest that CCUs have potential as equity instruments with multiple alternative uses. These include their ability to unlock member value, create permanent capital (retain capital), attract capital investment and reward patronage. A framework (Table III) for the configuration of CCUs in terms of ownership rights, market facilitation, distribution of returns and governance options emerged from the Delphi study and subsequent focus groups. This framework highlights the need to appease investor concerns over a lack of voting rights by adjusting the risk-return equation in thedesign of the CCU.Finally, this study proposed a cooperative equity and governance structure that could enable the payment of a variable (and potentially franked) dividend at the Board’s discretion (which would be preferable from the cooperative’s perspective) while remaining an attractive investor proposition (Table IV). In this structure, the dividend on CCUs is linked to the dividend on member shares, with members being required to maintain a minimum holding of investor shares. This ensures that member and investor interests are closely aligned, and therefore, they provide a sense of security to investors without compromising member control.To the best of our knowledge, thisis a novel proposition thatis not currently found in theory or practice. The insights provided by this study should be of interest to a wide range of stakeholders, including cooperatives, professional advisors to these businesses, government regulators, investors and researchers.
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Koperasi telah muncul dalam menanggapi kegagalan pasar bahwa pemerintah, tidak-untuk-profit dan model bisnis IOF belum cocok untuk menyelesaikan (Cook, 1995; Goddard et al., 2002). Mereka juga memainkan peran penting dalam ekonomi pengembangan diri bagi individu dan masyarakat (Tewari, 2011; Doyon, 2002; Kalmi, 2007). Kepemilikan dan modal struktur koperasi dikembangkan sekitar kontrol demokratis dan lebih menekankan pada tujuan sosial daripada biasanya kasus untuk IOFs (Novkovic, 2008). Penelitian ini menguji proses pembiayaan koperasi dan desain dan implementasi isu yang terkait dengan CCUs, yang baru-baru ini diperkenalkan ke dalam undang-undang koperasi Australia.

Tidak seperti IOFs, setiap penerbitan modal saham yang memungkinkan ditingkatkan hak suara kepada investor akan mengancam prinsip-prinsip demokratis koperasi. Lebih lanjut, jika penerbitan saham dipisahkan dari patronase, ada juga erosi tujuan keseluruhan yang koperasi didirikan (Henry, 2005). Pengenalan ekuitas eksternal menjadi bisnis yang dimiliki bisa saling menciptakan tantangan pemerintahan yang signifikan, yang dapat menyebabkan struktur modal optimal dan kinerja kurang efisien (Gentzoglanis, 2007). Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa CCUs memiliki potensi sebagai instrumen ekuitas dengan menggunakan beberapa alternatif. Ini termasuk kemampuan mereka untuk membuka nilai anggota, menciptakan modal tetap (mempertahankan modal), menarik investasi modal dan pahala patronase. Kerangka (Tabel III) untuk konfigurasi CCUs dalam hal hak kepemilikan, fasilitasi pasar, distribusi pengembalian dan pilihan governance muncul dari studi Delphi dan kelompok fokus berikutnya. Kerangka ini menyoroti kebutuhan untuk menenangkan kekhawatiran investor atas kurangnya hak suara dengan menyesuaikan persamaan risk-return dalam
desain CCU.

Akhirnya, penelitian ini mengusulkan ekuitas dan pemerintahan struktur koperasi yang bisa memungkinkan pembayaran variabel (dan berpotensi franked) dividen pada kebijaksanaan Dewan (yang akan lebih dari perspektif koperasi), namun tetap yang menarik investor proposisi (Tabel IV). Dalam struktur ini, dividen pada CCUs terkait dengan dividen saham anggota, dengan anggota yang diperlukan untuk mempertahankan minimum holding saham investor. Hal ini memastikan bahwa kepentingan anggota dan investor erat terkait, dan karena itu, mereka memberikan rasa aman kepada investor tanpa mengorbankan anggota control.To yang terbaik dari pengetahuan kita, thisis proposisi baru thatis saat ini tidak ditemukan dalam teori maupun praktek. Wawasan yang disediakan oleh studi ini seharusnya menjadi perhatian untuk berbagai pemangku kepentingan, termasuk koperasi, penasihat profesional untuk bisnis ini, regulator pemerintah, investor dan peneliti.
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