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The goal of school-based cognitive neuropsychological assessment is to determine what underlying factors are responsible for hindering learning, test performance, and classroom performance. Therefore, if a student displays difficulty with following verbal directions in class or on an assessment, then the prudent practitioner must explore an array of underlying factors in an attempt to understand the cause of this weakness. Further testing of multiple cognitive constructs needs to be conducted, in a fashion that is well represented by the Cognitive Hypothesis Testing (CHT) model, in order to begin ruling in and rulthg out potential source(s) of neurocognitive difficulty responsible for the observed poor test performance. In this example, if the student performs well on individually administered tests of following verbal directions, then hypoth-eses about the reason for the student's difficulty in displaying this skill in the classroom setting would begin to focus less on factors such as auditory perception and receptive language deficits and shift focus toward assessing factors such as attention. If the student also performs well on multiple measures of various aspects of attention, then analysis and hypothesis testing would begin to focus more on extrinsic factors such as motivation and emotional functioning. It is important to recall that, as stated earlier, this process of CHT is not restricted solely to the use of standardized test components or batteries. Rather, the task analysis required for CHT can be performed on nearly any formal or informal assessment administered to a student (Hale & Fiorello, 2004). This includes homework, classroom-based tests, standardized group achievement tests, curriculum-based measures, and so forth. Table 8.1 includes a variety of disabilities whose manifestations often include learning difficulties that will likely require targeted assessment very early in the RTI process in order to design more individualized inter-ventions to which a student's response would need to be monitored. Students with these types of disabilities typically display cognitive profiles notable for significant variability and generally include unique profiles of strengths and weaknesses in processing different types of information. To expound upon a previous example, many students with Asperger's syndrome tend to display hyperlexia. For these students, curriculum-based measures of reading skills commonly yield little to no information regarding their learning difficulties, since these students typically struggle with comprehension rather than decoding or fluency. In fact, many of the progress monitoring measures used for reading skills in an RTI framework would be likely to miss their specific type of reading problems (which, in the area of reading skills, are most commonly in the area of comprehension deficits due to difficulties with the semantic and pragmatic qualities of language that are often an integral part of such disorders on the autism spectrum). These difficulties certainly have educational implications that are far more pervasive than simply one aspect of reading problems.
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