40What Is Ethics?those of the public? If the accountant has obligation terjemahan - 40What Is Ethics?those of the public? If the accountant has obligation Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

40What Is Ethics?those of the publi

40
What Is Ethics?
those of the public? If the accountant has obligations both to a client and to
a family member, does the accountant necessarily have to place the public’s
interest first? Further, what should the accountant do when the interests of
the company – say, the need for more business – conflict with the needs
of the client or the public?
Thus, even if we agree that people should do their jobs, there are occasions
when doing so is problematic. There can be conflicts within the job; there can
also be conflicts between the job, the profession, and the individual ’s personal
life. What do we do in those cases? What standards can we use to adjudicate
such conflicts? How can we tell what standards are acceptable, what actions
are acceptable, what practices are acceptable? Moreover, how does the study
of ethics help to answer these questions?
Recall that ethics involves the analysis and evaluation of moral beliefs
or judgments. Let us expand on that definition. We noted that
analysis
of a
moral belief or judgment might involve determining what one of the words in
the belief or judgment means. For example, when the third AICPA principle
above charges members to “perform all professional responsibilities with the
highest sense of integrity,” what does “ integrity ” mean exactly? The code sug-
gests asking, “Am I doing what a person of integrity would do? ” But how are
we to know what integrity itself demands? Hence, analysis of a moral belief
involves determining precisely what that belief is asserting – whether the ac-
tion under scrutiny is an action that a person of integrity would perform.
After analysis, we can move to evaluation, a determination of whether
the belief is correct. Many people think that moral beliefs are subjective.
They think that merely holding a moral belief is sufficient to make it cor-
rect. They might say, “Well that’s your opinion, so I guess it’s true for you.”
This attitude, however, has no room for
evaluating
beliefs. It simply accepts
anyone’s belief as correct. But if simply holding a belief, however pernicious,
makes it correct, then Hitler ’s belief that the Jews should be annihilated, the
slave owner ’s belief that slavery is justified, and the infant sacrificer ’s belief
that infanticide is acceptable would be correct. That is intolerable.
But how are we to evaluate beliefs? How can we tell if a moral belief
is correct, what a person of integrity would do, or whether our judgment
is sensitive enough? Moral judgments are not like factual judgments, which
express beliefs about the way things are. Consequently, moral beliefs cannot be
verified or justified the way factual beliefs can be. “The earth is a sphere” is a
factual belief. We can justify that belief through observation and scientific the-
orizing. “ It’s raining” can be verified simply by looking outdoors. “ Light rays
bend when they travel around the sun” can verified through informed specu-
lation using a hypothetical deductive method. But we cannot justify or verify
moral beliefs that way. Moral beliefs involve values and values can’t be seen
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40What Is Ethics?those of the public? If the accountant has obligations both to a client and toa family member, does the accountant necessarily have to place the public’sinterest first? Further, what should the accountant do when the interests ofthe company – say, the need for more business – conflict with the needsof the client or the public?Thus, even if we agree that people should do their jobs, there are occasionswhen doing so is problematic. There can be conflicts within the job; there canalso be conflicts between the job, the profession, and the individual ’s personallife. What do we do in those cases? What standards can we use to adjudicatesuch conflicts? How can we tell what standards are acceptable, what actionsare acceptable, what practices are acceptable? Moreover, how does the studyof ethics help to answer these questions?Recall that ethics involves the analysis and evaluation of moral beliefsor judgments. Let us expand on that definition. We noted thatanalysisof amoral belief or judgment might involve determining what one of the words inthe belief or judgment means. For example, when the third AICPA principleabove charges members to “perform all professional responsibilities with thehighest sense of integrity,” what does “ integrity ” mean exactly? The code sug-gests asking, “Am I doing what a person of integrity would do? ” But how arewe to know what integrity itself demands? Hence, analysis of a moral beliefinvolves determining precisely what that belief is asserting – whether the ac-
tion under scrutiny is an action that a person of integrity would perform.
After analysis, we can move to evaluation, a determination of whether
the belief is correct. Many people think that moral beliefs are subjective.
They think that merely holding a moral belief is sufficient to make it cor-
rect. They might say, “Well that’s your opinion, so I guess it’s true for you.”
This attitude, however, has no room for
evaluating
beliefs. It simply accepts
anyone’s belief as correct. But if simply holding a belief, however pernicious,
makes it correct, then Hitler ’s belief that the Jews should be annihilated, the
slave owner ’s belief that slavery is justified, and the infant sacrificer ’s belief
that infanticide is acceptable would be correct. That is intolerable.
But how are we to evaluate beliefs? How can we tell if a moral belief
is correct, what a person of integrity would do, or whether our judgment
is sensitive enough? Moral judgments are not like factual judgments, which
express beliefs about the way things are. Consequently, moral beliefs cannot be
verified or justified the way factual beliefs can be. “The earth is a sphere” is a
factual belief. We can justify that belief through observation and scientific the-
orizing. “ It’s raining” can be verified simply by looking outdoors. “ Light rays
bend when they travel around the sun” can verified through informed specu-
lation using a hypothetical deductive method. But we cannot justify or verify
moral beliefs that way. Moral beliefs involve values and values can’t be seen
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40
Apakah Etika?
Orang-orang dari masyarakat? Jika akuntan memiliki kewajiban baik untuk klien dan
anggota keluarga, tidak akuntan perlu harus menempatkan masyarakat
bunga pertama? Selanjutnya, apa yang harus akuntan lakukan ketika kepentingan
perusahaan - mengatakan, kebutuhan untuk lebih banyak bisnis - konflik dengan
kebutuhan? Dari klien atau masyarakat
Jadi, bahkan jika kita setuju bahwa orang harus melakukan pekerjaan mereka, ada kesempatan
ketika melakukannya bermasalah. Ada dapat konflik dalam pekerjaan; ada dapat
juga menjadi konflik antara pekerjaan, profesi, dan pribadi individu
hidup. Apa yang kita lakukan dalam kasus-kasus? Standar apa yang bisa kita gunakan untuk mengadili
seperti konflik? Bagaimana kita bisa tahu apa standar yang dapat diterima, tindakan apa yang
dapat diterima, apa praktek yang diterima? Selain itu, bagaimana studi
etika membantu untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini?
Ingat bahwa etika melibatkan analisis dan evaluasi keyakinan moral
atau penilaian. Mari kita memperluas bahwa definisi. Kami mencatat bahwa
analisis
dari
keyakinan moral atau penghakiman mungkin melibatkan menentukan apa salah satu kata dalam
keyakinan atau penilaian sarana. Sebagai contoh, ketika prinsip AICPA ketiga
atas tuduhan anggota untuk "melakukan semua tanggung jawab profesional dengan
rasa integritas tertinggi," apa "integritas" berarti tepatnya? Kode-saran
gests bertanya, "Apakah saya melakukan apa yang orang yang berintegritas akan lakukan? "Tapi bagaimana
kita tahu apa integritas itu sendiri tuntutan? Oleh karena itu, analisis dari keyakinan moral yang
melibatkan menentukan tepat apa keyakinan yang menegaskan - apakah
ac-. Tion bawah pengawasan adalah suatu tindakan yang orang yang berintegritas akan melakukan
Setelah analisis, kita bisa pindah ke evaluasi, penentuan apakah
keyakinan adalah benar. Banyak orang berpikir bahwa keyakinan moral yang subjektif.
Mereka berpikir bahwa hanya memegang keyakinan moral mencukupi untuk membuatnya cor-
rect. Mereka mungkin berkata, "Nah itu pendapat Anda, jadi saya kira itu benar untuk Anda."
Sikap ini, bagaimanapun, tidak memiliki ruang untuk
mengevaluasi
keyakinan. Ini hanya menerima
keyakinan siapa pun sebagai benar. Tetapi jika hanya memegang keyakinan, namun merusak,
membuatnya benar, maka Hitler 'keyakinan s bahwa orang Yahudi harus dimusnahkan, para
pemilik budak' s keyakinan bahwa perbudakan adalah dibenarkan, dan keyakinan bayi pengorbanan perwira 's
bahwa pembunuhan bayi diterima akan benar. Yang tak tertahankan.
Tapi bagaimana kita mengevaluasi keyakinan? Bagaimana kita bisa tahu jika keyakinan moral yang
benar, apa orang yang berintegritas akan lakukan, atau apakah penilaian kami
cukup sensitif? Penilaian moral tidak seperti penilaian faktual, yang
mengungkapkan keyakinan tentang cara hal-hal yang. Akibatnya, keyakinan moral yang tidak dapat
diverifikasi atau dibenarkan cara keyakinan faktual dapat. "Bumi adalah sebuah bola" adalah
keyakinan faktual. Kami bisa membenarkan bahwa keyakinan melalui observasi dan ilmiah
the-orizing. "Ini hujan" dapat diverifikasi hanya dengan melihat di luar ruangan. "Sinar cahaya
tikungan ketika mereka melakukan perjalanan mengelilingi matahari" dapat diverifikasi melalui informasi berspekulasi
lation menggunakan metode deduktif hipotetis. Tapi kita tidak bisa membenarkan atau memverifikasi
keyakinan moral seperti itu. Keyakinan moral melibatkan nilai-nilai dan nilai-nilai tidak dapat dilihat
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