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12 Working in Pairs
Having children learn from one another creates powerful bonds between them and sends a message very different from that sent by a classroom in which each child is on his or her own.
—Alfie Kohn (1998, p. 241)
The interaction with the greatest opportunity to learn comes when working with pairs. Students can be paired in several ways: by unequal ability, by knowledge or talents, or at random. Students working in pairs have an opportunity for input from a peer without the need for the higher-level social skills required in small groups. For those who have a trust issue with adults, pairing provides an opportu¬nity to learn without those issues interfering with the acquisition of knowledge or skills.
Student Mentors (Unequal Pairings)
Deliberate pairings of students with unequal skills is done with the purpose of pro¬viding a ready mentor, and can be handled in several ways. The students could work together, or the mentor could be available when needed for tutoring and advising.
Figure 12.1 is a guide to help you make preparations for student mentors and consider some of the problems and disadvantages of the strategy.
164

Working in Pairs
Figure 12.1
Student Mentor Planning at a Glance
Making Preparations Problems and Disadvantages
• Match workable pairs according to personality and ability.
• Give statement of expectations.
• Gather necessary materials. • Mentor has increased responsibilities.
• Tutored students may become too reliant on mentor.
• Mentor lacks skills necessary for sharing what he or she knows.
Making Preparations
In unequal pairings, teachers are asking two students to work together for a period of time. Although they need not be friends, they should not have unre-solved conflicts. In addition, the mentor’s skills should be strong enough to give appropriate, accurate guidance.
The teacher should clearly define what is expected of the mentoring and men-tored students:
• Both mentor and mentored should understand the basic courtesy and work ethic needed when working in pairs.
• The mentor should have a clear understanding of the information to be taught.
• The mentored student should learn good questioning skills for sharing needs. (“I don’t understand this” is not a question and is not helpful in providing clues for the mentor.)
Appropriate Topics
Figure 12.2 gives examples of appropriate and inappropriate topics for the stu¬dent mentors.
Problems and Disadvantages
Being a mentor may mean the student will need to put aside work to help a classmate. Some students may not deal well with the increased responsibility of helping others along with their regular work. If a student’s needs become too demanding for the mentor, consider the following options:
• Rotate mentors for students who require frequent help (weekly, for instance).

The Key Elements of Classroom Management


A student quietly points to a printed word. Whispering occurs, information is exchanged, and soon both students are back on task. Immediate help has been offered with a minimum of disruption. That’s how unequal pairing can work even in the lower grades.

• Assign more than one mentor for the needy student and have them alternate.
• Provide a way for the mentor to privately inform the teacher when the obligations become too burdensome.
• Removing the mentor and having the mentored student work with the teacher, who can help him learn when and how to ask questions.
• Changing mentors to see if different personalities will solve the problem.
• Working with the original pair to help both gain skills for working in the mentor-mentored environment.



Figure 12.2
Student Mentor Application Examples
Appropriate Application of
Student Mentors Less-Effective Application of
Student Mentors
Mathematics: Work on daily math assignment for the purpose of reinforcing knowledge already mastered by most students. Mathematics: Do assignments in which math skills are new to the mentor. (Mentor needs to learn skills first.)
Communications: Provide reading help by iden- tifying and explaining words in the text. Communications: Complete an assessment of comprehension. (Testing results may be invalid.)
Understanding the information does not mean that the mentor knows how to share it. Some students don’t have the skills to teach or the patience to work with a student with low skills. One good idea is to match less-skilled mentors with stu-dents who have fewer needs. Students will then not feel left out, and will have fewer demands imposed on them. In addition, the mentor will have less stressful opportunities to develop mentoring skills. Another suggestion is to allow students who have negative feelings about mentoring to opt out, perhaps providing them with a partner of equal ability or allowing them to work alone.

Working in Pairs

Conclusion
Mentoring can be a valuable strategy for the classroom, but it shouldn’t be over-used. Mentors have a big responsibility, and they could experience burnout if over¬burdened. Pairing in mentorship is important and should happen after a teacher has achieved a good understanding of her students and their skills, personalities, strengths, and weaknesses. It is important to be flexible when using mentoring. If a quality mentor is having a bad day and needs a break, a way of providing for that need should be made available.
Student Partnerships
Students selected for partnerships have an equal responsibility to work together, either in a “study-buddy” or task-oriented format. There are a wide variety of advantages to working successfully in partnerships, including speed of completion, more diverse points of view, and greater opportunity to participate. In addition, there are many appropriate tasks for working in student pairs.
Figure 12.3 is a guide to help you make preparations for the student-pairs strat¬egy and consider some of the problems and disadvantages.

Figure 12.3
Student Pairs Planning at a Glance

Making Preparations
• Match pairs according to task.
• Gather appropriate information and materials.
• Provide guidance as needed.

Problems and Disadvantages
• Need for greater classroom management
• Greater responsibility in pairing

Making Preparations
Partnerships are not based on unequal abilities, but rather on selecting pairs to accomplish a task. Student partners may have equal ability, but maybe not in the same areas. If a task requires a variety of skills, pairs may be selected to best meet those demands. The student pairs should be able to form a working relationship; as with mentoring, it is best not to match students with best friends or social enemies.
Partnerships can tackle nearly any classroom task. It is important to provide clear assignments and adequate information of what is expected and when it is due. Lengthy assignments and projects should include a checklist with a timeline showing due dates.

The Key Elements of Classroom Management
Appropriate Topics
Figure 12.4 gives examples of appropriate and inappropriate topics for student pairs.
Figure 12.4
Student Pairs Application Examples
Appropriate Application of
Student Pairs Less-Effective Application of
Student Pairs
Mathematics: Practice math skills. Most activities are appropriate for partnerships.
Communications: Study for a vocabulary test.
Science: Do a science fair project or work as lab partners.
Problems and Disadvantages
When having students work with partners instead of small groups, teachers need to adjust to the increased demands for guidance and assistance. It is essential for teachers to circulate, monitoring for progress and misconduct. On the other hand, because there is less potential for social problems between two students than in a group, there may also be fewer conflicts.
In group work, one student may be responsible for recording, one for leader¬ship, one for material handling, and so forth. In pairing, each partner must take on more responsibility, and the roles are generally less defined because the partners must decide how to complete the whole task. When one slacks off in a group, oth¬ers share the extra burden; if one does not help carry the load in a partnership, the partner has no help.
Conclusion
“With your study buddy, complete the questions on page 10. You will be responsi-ble for dividing the task in a fair manner or jointly doing the entire task. You have two minutes to move to your assigned area. Work will be handed in at the end of the period. If you finish early, begin learning the material.” With instructions as sim¬ple as those, students can be working on an assignment. Of course, it will move a little more smoothly when students have a definite routine with a standard of behav¬ior. Student pairs often fall into a proficient working pattern for completing assign¬ments. When well paired, much can be accomplished in a short amount of time. But

Working in Pairs
when students work together, you’ll find that they may fall back into poor habits if not supervised. Teacher monitoring is important.
Random Pairing
Random pairing is a convenience. It works best when used on a short-term basis because little thought is given to pairing for the needs of the student or the demands of the task. The real advantage of random pairing is that it saves time. Figure 12.5 is a guide to help you make preparations for the student-pairing strat¬egy and consider some of the problems and disadvantages.
Figure 12.5
Random Pairing Planning at a Glance
Making Preparations Problems and Disadvantages
• Determine an appropriate task.
• Decide on an appropriate pairing strategy (student choice, seat
partners, counting off, and so forth).
• Gather necessary materials. • Classroom management issues as random pairing may be harder to control than assigned pairings
• Not effective for difficult or involved tasks as student pairs may not have needed skills and knowledge
Making Preparations
“With your neighbor, discuss this issue and decide what
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12 bekerja secara berpasangan
memiliki anak-anak yang belajar dari satu sama lain menciptakan ikatan yang kuat antara mereka dan mengirim pesan sangat berbeda dari yang dikirimkan oleh kelas di mana setiap anak adalah pada sendiri.
— Alfie Kohn (1998, ms. 241)
interaksi dengan kesempatan terbesar untuk belajar datang ketika bekerja dengan pasangan. Siswa dapat dipasangkan dengan beberapa cara: oleh kemampuan yang tidak seimbang, dengan pengetahuan atau bakat, atau secara acak. Berpasangan siswa memiliki kesempatan untuk masukan dari rekan tanpa perlu untuk tingkat yang lebih tinggi keterampilan sosial yang diperlukan dalam kelompok kecil. Bagi yang memiliki masalah kepercayaan dengan orang dewasa, pasangan menyediakan opportu¬nity untuk belajar tanpa isu-isu yang mengganggu akuisisi pengetahuan atau keterampilan
mahasiswa mentor (pasangan tidak seimbang)
Disengaja pasangan siswa dengan keterampilan yang tidak seimbang dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk pro¬viding siap mentor, dan bisa ditangani dalam beberapa cara. Siswa bisa bekerja sama, atau mentor dapat tersedia bila diperlukan untuk bimbingan dan menasihati.
angka 12.1 adalah panduan untuk membantu Anda membuat persiapan untuk mahasiswa mentor dan mempertimbangkan beberapa masalah dan kerugian strategi.
164

Bekerja secara berpasangan
mencari 12.1
mahasiswa Mentor perencanaan sekilas
membuat persiapan masalah dan kerugian
• Cocokkan pasangan bisa diterapkan sesuai dengan kepribadian dan kemampuan
• memberikan pernyataan harapan.
• mengumpulkan bahan-bahan yang diperlukan. • Mentor telah meningkat tanggung.
• Tutored siswa mungkin menjadi terlalu bergantung pada mentor.
• Mentor tidak memiliki keterampilan yang diperlukan untuk berbagi apa yang dia tahu.
membuat persiapan
dalam pasangan tidak seimbang, guru meminta dua siswa untuk bekerja sama untuk jangka waktu. Meskipun mereka tidak perlu teman, mereka seharusnya tidak memiliki konflik unre-dipecahkan. Selain itu, mentor keterampilan harus cukup kuat untuk memberikan bimbingan yang tepat, akurat.
Guru harus jelas mendefinisikan apa yang diharapkan siswa mentoring dan pria-tored:
• keduanya mentor dan dibimbing harus memahami dasar kesopanan dan etika kerja yang diperlukan ketika bekerja di pasang.
• mentor harus memiliki pemahaman yang jelas tentang informasi yang harus diajarkan.
• mentored siswa harus belajar keterampilan bertanya yang baik untuk berbagi kebutuhan. ("Aku tidak mengerti hal ini" bukanlah sebuah pertanyaan dan tidak membantu dalam memberikan petunjuk untuk mentor.)
Sesuai topik
angka 12,2 memberikan contoh topik yang tepat dan pantas untuk mentor stu¬dent.
masalah dan kerugian
menjadi seorang mentor dapat berarti siswa perlu menyisihkan pekerjaan untuk membantu teman sekelas. Beberapa siswa mungkin tidak berhubungan baik dengan peningkatan tanggung jawab membantu orang lain dengan pekerjaan rutin mereka. Jika seorang mahasiswa membutuhkan menjadi terlalu menuntut untuk mentor, mempertimbangkan pilihan berikut:
• putar mentor bagi siswa yang membutuhkan bantuan sering (mingguan, misalnya).

The elemen kunci kelas Management


mahasiswa diam-diam menunjuk ke kata yang dicetak. Whispering terjadi, informasi dipertukarkan, dan segera kedua mahasiswa adalah kembali pada tugas. Bantuan segera telah ditawarkan dengan minimal gangguan. Itulah bagaimana tidak seimbang pemasangan dapat bekerja bahkan di kelas rendah.

• menetapkan lebih dari satu mentor untuk siswa miskin dan memiliki mereka alternatif.
• menyediakan cara bagi mentor untuk secara pribadi memberitahu guru ketika kewajiban menjadi terlalu membebani.
• Menghilangkan mentor dan memiliki mentored siswa bekerja dengan guru, yang dapat membantu dia belajar Kapan dan bagaimana cara mengajukan pertanyaan.
• mengubah mentor untuk melihat jika kepribadian yang berbeda akan memecahkan masalah.
• bekerja dengan pasangan asli untuk membantu keduanya memperoleh keterampilan untuk bekerja dalam dibimbing mentor lingkungan



mencari 12,2
mahasiswa Mentor aplikasi contoh
aplikasi yang sesuai
Mahasiswa mentor kurang efektif penerapan
mahasiswa mentor
matematika: bekerja pada tugas matematika harian untuk memperkuat pengetahuan yang sudah menguasai oleh kebanyakan siswa. Matematika: Melakukan tugas di mana matematika keterampilan baru mentor. (Mentor perlu mempelajari keterampilan pertama.)
Komunikasi: Memberikan bantuan membaca oleh iden-tifying dan menjelaskan kata-kata dalam teks. Komunikasi: Menyelesaikan penilaian pemahaman. (Hasil pengujian mungkin tidak valid.)
Memahami informasi tidak berarti bahwa mentor tahu bagaimana untuk berbagi. Beberapa siswa tidak memiliki keterampilan mengajar atau kesabaran untuk bekerja dengan siswa dengan keterampilan rendah. Satu ide yang baik adalah untuk mencocokkan terampil kurang mentor dengan siswa yang memiliki kebutuhan yang lebih sedikit. Siswa kemudian tidak akan merasa ditinggalkan, dan akan memiliki lebih sedikit tuntutan yang dikenakan pada mereka. Selain itu, mentor akan memiliki kesempatan lebih sedikit stres untuk mengembangkan keterampilan mentoring. Saran lain adalah untuk memungkinkan siswa yang memiliki perasaan negatif tentang pendampingan untuk menyisih, mungkin menyediakan mereka dengan mitra kemampuan yang sama atau memungkinkan mereka untuk bekerja sendirian.

berpasangan

kesimpulan
Pendampingan dapat menjadi strategi yang berharga untuk kelas, tapi itu tidak boleh berlebihan digunakan. Mentor memiliki tanggung jawab yang besar, dan mereka dapat mengalami kelelahan jika over¬burdened. Pemasangan di mentoring penting dan harus terjadi setelah seorang guru telah mencapai pemahaman yang baik dari murid-muridnya dan keterampilan mereka, kepribadian, kekuatan, dan kelemahan. Hal ini penting untuk menjadi fleksibel ketika menggunakan pendampingan. Jika kualitas mentor mengalami hari yang buruk dan perlu istirahat, cara yang menyediakan kebutuhan itu harus dibuat tersedia.
mahasiswa kemitraan
siswa yang dipilih untuk kemitraan memiliki tanggung jawab yang sama untuk bekerja sama, baik dalam format berorientasi tugas atau "teman belajar". Ada berbagai macam keuntungan untuk berhasil bekerja di kemitraan, termasuk kecepatan penyelesaian, lebih beragam sudut pandang, dan lebih besar kesempatan untuk berpartisipasi. Selain itu, ada banyak tugas yang sesuai untuk bekerja di mahasiswa pasang.
angka 12.3 adalah panduan untuk membantu Anda membuat persiapan untuk strat¬egy siswa-pasang dan mempertimbangkan beberapa masalah dan kekurangan.

Mencari 12.3
mahasiswa pasangan perencanaan sekilas

membuat persiapan
• pencocokan pasang menurut tugas.
• mengumpulkan informasi yang tepat dan bahan
• memberikan bimbingan yang diperlukan.

Masalah dan kerugian
• kebutuhan untuk lebih kelas manajemen
• tanggung-jawab yang lebih besar dalam berpasangan

membuat persiapan
kemitraan tidak didasarkan pada kemampuan tidak seimbang, melainkan pada memilih pasangan untuk menyelesaikan tugas. Mitra mahasiswa mungkin memiliki kemampuan yang sama, tapi mungkin tidak di daerah yang sama. Jika tugas yang membutuhkan berbagai keterampilan, pasangan dapat memilih untuk benar-benar memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut. Pasang mahasiswa harus mampu membentuk hubungan kerja; seperti dengan pendampingan, yang terbaik tidak untuk mencocokkan siswa dengan teman-teman terbaik atau sosial musuh.
Kemitraan dapat menangani hampir semua tugas kelas. Sangat penting untuk memberikan tugas-tugas yang jelas dan memadai informasi apa yang diharapkan dan ketika ia jatuh tempo. Panjang tugas dan proyek harus mencakup daftar dengan sebuah timeline menampilkan karena tanggal.

The elemen kunci kelas Management
sesuai topik
gambar 12.4 memberi contoh topik yang tepat dan pantas untuk mahasiswa pasang.
mencari 12.4
mahasiswa pasang aplikasi contoh
aplikasi sesuai
mahasiswa pasang kurang efektif penerapan
mahasiswa pasang
matematika: berlatih keterampilan matematika. Sebagian kegiatan sesuai untuk kemitraan.
komunikasi: kajian Kosakata ujian.
Science: Melakukan proyek fair Sains atau bekerja sebagai mitra lab.
Masalah dan kerugian
ketika memiliki siswa bekerja dengan mitra bukan kelompok-kelompok kecil, guru perlu menyesuaikan untuk peningkatan tuntutan untuk bimbingan dan bantuan. Hal ini penting bagi guru untuk beredar, pemantauan untuk kemajuan dan kesalahan. Di sisi lain, karena ada kurang potensi untuk masalah-masalah sosial antara dua siswa daripada dalam kelompok, ada juga mungkin lebih sedikit konflik.
Dalam kelompok kerja, salah satu siswa mungkin bertanggung jawab untuk merekam, satu untuk leader¬ship, satu untuk penanganan material, dan sebagainya. Pada pasangan, setiap pasangan harus mengambil lebih banyak tanggung jawab dan peran yang umumnya kurang didefinisikan karena mitra harus memutuskan bagaimana untuk menyelesaikan tugas seluruh. Ketika salah satu celana dalam kelompok, oth¬ers berbagi beban tambahan; Jika salah satu tidak membantu membawa beban dalam kemitraan, mitra telah ada bantuan.
kesimpulan
"dengan teman studi Anda, menyelesaikan pertanyaan-pertanyaan pada halaman 10. Anda akan bertanggung jawab terhadap tugas-ble untuk membagi tugas secara adil atau bersama-sama melakukan tugas seluruh. Anda memiliki dua menit untuk pindah ke daerah Anda ditugaskan. Pekerjaan akan diserahkan pada akhir periode. Jika Anda menyelesaikan awal, mulai belajar materi."Dengan petunjuk sebagai sim¬ple sebagai mereka, siswa dapat mengerjakan tugas. Tentu saja, itu akan bergerak sedikit lebih lancar ketika siswa memiliki rutinitas yang pasti dengan standar behav¬ior. Pasang siswa sering jatuh ke dalam pola kerja yang mahir untuk menyelesaikan assign¬ments. Ketika baik dipasangkan, banyak dapat dicapai dalam waktu singkat. Tapi

berpasangan
Ketika siswa bekerja bersama-sama, Anda akan menemukan bahwa mereka mungkin jatuh kembali ke kebiasaan buruk jika tidak diawasi. Guru pemantauan penting.
memasangkan acak
acak pasangan adalah kenyamanan. Ini bekerja lebih baik bila digunakan secara jangka pendek karena sedikit pemikiran yang diberikan kepada pasangan untuk kebutuhan siswa atau tuntutan tugas. Keuntungan nyata dari pasangan acak adalah bahwa menghemat waktu. Gambar 12.5 adalah panduan untuk membantu Anda membuat persiapan untuk memasangkan siswa strat¬egy dan mempertimbangkan beberapa masalah dan kekurangan.
mencari 12,5
acak pasangan perencanaan sekilas
membuat persiapan masalah dan kerugian
• menentukan tugas sesuai.
• memutuskan pada strategi pemasangan yang tepat (siswa pilihan, kursi
mitra, menghitung off, dan sebagainya).
• mengumpulkan bahan-bahan yang diperlukan. • Pengelolaan kelas masalah seperti acak pasangan mungkin lebih sulit untuk mengendalikan daripada pasangan ditugaskan
• tidak efektif untuk tugas-tugas yang sulit atau terlibat sebagai mahasiswa pasangan tidak mungkin membutuhkan keterampilan dan pengetahuan
membuat persiapan
"dengan tetangga Anda, membahas masalah ini dan memutuskan apa yang
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12 Working in Pairs
Having children learn from one another creates powerful bonds between them and sends a message very different from that sent by a classroom in which each child is on his or her own.
—Alfie Kohn (1998, p. 241)
The interaction with the greatest opportunity to learn comes when working with pairs. Students can be paired in several ways: by unequal ability, by knowledge or talents, or at random. Students working in pairs have an opportunity for input from a peer without the need for the higher-level social skills required in small groups. For those who have a trust issue with adults, pairing provides an opportu¬nity to learn without those issues interfering with the acquisition of knowledge or skills.
Student Mentors (Unequal Pairings)
Deliberate pairings of students with unequal skills is done with the purpose of pro¬viding a ready mentor, and can be handled in several ways. The students could work together, or the mentor could be available when needed for tutoring and advising.
Figure 12.1 is a guide to help you make preparations for student mentors and consider some of the problems and disadvantages of the strategy.
164

Working in Pairs
Figure 12.1
Student Mentor Planning at a Glance
Making Preparations Problems and Disadvantages
• Match workable pairs according to personality and ability.
• Give statement of expectations.
• Gather necessary materials. • Mentor has increased responsibilities.
• Tutored students may become too reliant on mentor.
• Mentor lacks skills necessary for sharing what he or she knows.
Making Preparations
In unequal pairings, teachers are asking two students to work together for a period of time. Although they need not be friends, they should not have unre-solved conflicts. In addition, the mentor’s skills should be strong enough to give appropriate, accurate guidance.
The teacher should clearly define what is expected of the mentoring and men-tored students:
• Both mentor and mentored should understand the basic courtesy and work ethic needed when working in pairs.
• The mentor should have a clear understanding of the information to be taught.
• The mentored student should learn good questioning skills for sharing needs. (“I don’t understand this” is not a question and is not helpful in providing clues for the mentor.)
Appropriate Topics
Figure 12.2 gives examples of appropriate and inappropriate topics for the stu¬dent mentors.
Problems and Disadvantages
Being a mentor may mean the student will need to put aside work to help a classmate. Some students may not deal well with the increased responsibility of helping others along with their regular work. If a student’s needs become too demanding for the mentor, consider the following options:
• Rotate mentors for students who require frequent help (weekly, for instance).

The Key Elements of Classroom Management


A student quietly points to a printed word. Whispering occurs, information is exchanged, and soon both students are back on task. Immediate help has been offered with a minimum of disruption. That’s how unequal pairing can work even in the lower grades.

• Assign more than one mentor for the needy student and have them alternate.
• Provide a way for the mentor to privately inform the teacher when the obligations become too burdensome.
• Removing the mentor and having the mentored student work with the teacher, who can help him learn when and how to ask questions.
• Changing mentors to see if different personalities will solve the problem.
• Working with the original pair to help both gain skills for working in the mentor-mentored environment.



Figure 12.2
Student Mentor Application Examples
Appropriate Application of
Student Mentors Less-Effective Application of
Student Mentors
Mathematics: Work on daily math assignment for the purpose of reinforcing knowledge already mastered by most students. Mathematics: Do assignments in which math skills are new to the mentor. (Mentor needs to learn skills first.)
Communications: Provide reading help by iden- tifying and explaining words in the text. Communications: Complete an assessment of comprehension. (Testing results may be invalid.)
Understanding the information does not mean that the mentor knows how to share it. Some students don’t have the skills to teach or the patience to work with a student with low skills. One good idea is to match less-skilled mentors with stu-dents who have fewer needs. Students will then not feel left out, and will have fewer demands imposed on them. In addition, the mentor will have less stressful opportunities to develop mentoring skills. Another suggestion is to allow students who have negative feelings about mentoring to opt out, perhaps providing them with a partner of equal ability or allowing them to work alone.

Working in Pairs

Conclusion
Mentoring can be a valuable strategy for the classroom, but it shouldn’t be over-used. Mentors have a big responsibility, and they could experience burnout if over¬burdened. Pairing in mentorship is important and should happen after a teacher has achieved a good understanding of her students and their skills, personalities, strengths, and weaknesses. It is important to be flexible when using mentoring. If a quality mentor is having a bad day and needs a break, a way of providing for that need should be made available.
Student Partnerships
Students selected for partnerships have an equal responsibility to work together, either in a “study-buddy” or task-oriented format. There are a wide variety of advantages to working successfully in partnerships, including speed of completion, more diverse points of view, and greater opportunity to participate. In addition, there are many appropriate tasks for working in student pairs.
Figure 12.3 is a guide to help you make preparations for the student-pairs strat¬egy and consider some of the problems and disadvantages.

Figure 12.3
Student Pairs Planning at a Glance

Making Preparations
• Match pairs according to task.
• Gather appropriate information and materials.
• Provide guidance as needed.

Problems and Disadvantages
• Need for greater classroom management
• Greater responsibility in pairing

Making Preparations
Partnerships are not based on unequal abilities, but rather on selecting pairs to accomplish a task. Student partners may have equal ability, but maybe not in the same areas. If a task requires a variety of skills, pairs may be selected to best meet those demands. The student pairs should be able to form a working relationship; as with mentoring, it is best not to match students with best friends or social enemies.
Partnerships can tackle nearly any classroom task. It is important to provide clear assignments and adequate information of what is expected and when it is due. Lengthy assignments and projects should include a checklist with a timeline showing due dates.

The Key Elements of Classroom Management
Appropriate Topics
Figure 12.4 gives examples of appropriate and inappropriate topics for student pairs.
Figure 12.4
Student Pairs Application Examples
Appropriate Application of
Student Pairs Less-Effective Application of
Student Pairs
Mathematics: Practice math skills. Most activities are appropriate for partnerships.
Communications: Study for a vocabulary test.
Science: Do a science fair project or work as lab partners.
Problems and Disadvantages
When having students work with partners instead of small groups, teachers need to adjust to the increased demands for guidance and assistance. It is essential for teachers to circulate, monitoring for progress and misconduct. On the other hand, because there is less potential for social problems between two students than in a group, there may also be fewer conflicts.
In group work, one student may be responsible for recording, one for leader¬ship, one for material handling, and so forth. In pairing, each partner must take on more responsibility, and the roles are generally less defined because the partners must decide how to complete the whole task. When one slacks off in a group, oth¬ers share the extra burden; if one does not help carry the load in a partnership, the partner has no help.
Conclusion
“With your study buddy, complete the questions on page 10. You will be responsi-ble for dividing the task in a fair manner or jointly doing the entire task. You have two minutes to move to your assigned area. Work will be handed in at the end of the period. If you finish early, begin learning the material.” With instructions as sim¬ple as those, students can be working on an assignment. Of course, it will move a little more smoothly when students have a definite routine with a standard of behav¬ior. Student pairs often fall into a proficient working pattern for completing assign¬ments. When well paired, much can be accomplished in a short amount of time. But

Working in Pairs
when students work together, you’ll find that they may fall back into poor habits if not supervised. Teacher monitoring is important.
Random Pairing
Random pairing is a convenience. It works best when used on a short-term basis because little thought is given to pairing for the needs of the student or the demands of the task. The real advantage of random pairing is that it saves time. Figure 12.5 is a guide to help you make preparations for the student-pairing strat¬egy and consider some of the problems and disadvantages.
Figure 12.5
Random Pairing Planning at a Glance
Making Preparations Problems and Disadvantages
• Determine an appropriate task.
• Decide on an appropriate pairing strategy (student choice, seat
partners, counting off, and so forth).
• Gather necessary materials. • Classroom management issues as random pairing may be harder to control than assigned pairings
• Not effective for difficult or involved tasks as student pairs may not have needed skills and knowledge
Making Preparations
“With your neighbor, discuss this issue and decide what
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