Equality in the Consequences of InnovationsIn addition to the desirabl terjemahan - Equality in the Consequences of InnovationsIn addition to the desirabl Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Equality in the Consequences of Inn

Equality in the Consequences of Innovations
In addition to the desirable-undesirable, direct-indirect, and anticipated-
unanticipated aspects of the consequences of innovation, one might classify consequences as to whether they increase or decrease
equality among the members of a social system. Note that here we are
mainly talking about the consequences of an innovation at the system
level (that is, whether some resource such as income or status is
distributed more or less equally), rather than at the individual level.
As we have shown previously (especially in Chapters 7 and 9), diffusion
generally causes wider socioeconomic gaps in an audience (that
is, less equality) because:
1. Earlier adopters, especially innovators and early adopters, have
favorable attitudes toward new ideas and are more likely to search actively
for innovations. They also possess the available resources to
adopt higher-cost innovations, while later adopters often do not.
2. Professional change agents tend to concentrate their client contacts
on innovators and early adopters in hopes that the opinion
leaders among these earlier adopting categories will then pass along
the new ideas they have learned to their followers in a kind of ''trickledown"
process. But in Chapter 8 we showed that most interpersonal
network links connect individuals who are alike or similar in adopter
category and socioeconomic status. So innovations generally "trickle
across" rather than "trickle down" in the interpersonal communication
structure of a social system.
3. By adopting innovations relatively sooner than others in their
system, innovators and early adopters achieve windfall profits,
thereby tending to widen the socioeconomic gap between these earlier
adopting categories versus laggards. Thus the earlier adopters get
richer, and the later adopters' economic profit is comparatively
smaller.
So the diffusion of innovations, as this process generally happens,
tends to decrease the degree of equality in a social system. But this
tendency toward gap widening need not occur, if special strategies are
followed to narrow gaps, as several recent researches show (to be
reviewed shortly).
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Equality in the Consequences of InnovationsIn addition to the desirable-undesirable, direct-indirect, and anticipated-unanticipated aspects of the consequences of innovation, one might classify consequences as to whether they increase or decreaseequality among the members of a social system. Note that here we aremainly talking about the consequences of an innovation at the systemlevel (that is, whether some resource such as income or status isdistributed more or less equally), rather than at the individual level.As we have shown previously (especially in Chapters 7 and 9), diffusiongenerally causes wider socioeconomic gaps in an audience (thatis, less equality) because:1. Earlier adopters, especially innovators and early adopters, havefavorable attitudes toward new ideas and are more likely to search activelyfor innovations. They also possess the available resources toadopt higher-cost innovations, while later adopters often do not.2. Professional change agents tend to concentrate their client contactson innovators and early adopters in hopes that the opinionleaders among these earlier adopting categories will then pass alongthe new ideas they have learned to their followers in a kind of ''trickledown"process. But in Chapter 8 we showed that most interpersonalnetwork links connect individuals who are alike or similar in adoptercategory and socioeconomic status. So innovations generally "trickleacross" rather than "trickle down" in the interpersonal communicationstructure of a social system.3. By adopting innovations relatively sooner than others in theirsystem, innovators and early adopters achieve windfall profits,thereby tending to widen the socioeconomic gap between these earlieradopting categories versus laggards. Thus the earlier adopters getricher, and the later adopters' economic profit is comparativelysmaller.So the diffusion of innovations, as this process generally happens,tends to decrease the degree of equality in a social system. But thistendency toward gap widening need not occur, if special strategies arefollowed to narrow gaps, as several recent researches show (to bereviewed shortly).
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Kesetaraan dalam Konsekuensi dari Inovasi
Selain diinginkan-tidak diinginkan, langsung tidak langsung, dan yang diantisipasi
aspek tak terduga dari konsekuensi inovasi, salah satu mungkin mengklasifikasikan konsekuensi apakah mereka menambah atau mengurangi
kesetaraan antara anggota suatu sistem sosial. Perhatikan bahwa di sini kita
terutama berbicara tentang konsekuensi dari suatu inovasi pada sistem
tingkat (yaitu, apakah beberapa sumber daya seperti pendapatan atau status
didistribusikan kurang lebih sama), bukan pada tingkat individu.
Seperti yang telah kita ditampilkan sebelumnya ( terutama dalam Bab 7 dan 9), difusi
biasanya menyebabkan kesenjangan sosial ekonomi yang lebih luas di penonton (yang
adalah, kurang kesetaraan) karena:
1. Pengadopsi awal, terutama inovator dan pengadopsi awal, memiliki
sikap yang menguntungkan terhadap ide-ide baru dan lebih mungkin untuk secara aktif mencari
untuk inovasi. Mereka juga memiliki sumber daya yang tersedia untuk
mengadopsi inovasi-biaya yang lebih tinggi, sementara pengadopsi kemudian sering tidak.
2. Agen perubahan profesional cenderung berkonsentrasi kontak klien mereka
pada inovator dan pengadopsi awal dengan harapan bahwa pendapat
pemimpin di antara kategori-kategori mengadopsi sebelumnya maka akan menyampaikan
ide-ide baru yang mereka telah belajar untuk pengikut mereka dalam semacam '' trickledown
"proses. Tapi di Bab 8 kami menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar antarpribadi
link jaringan menghubungkan individu yang sama atau serupa di adopter
kategori dan status sosial ekonomi. Jadi inovasi umumnya "menetes
di" daripada "menetes ke bawah" di komunikasi interpersonal
struktur sistem sosial.
3. Dengan mengadopsi inovasi yang relatif lebih cepat daripada yang lain dalam mereka
sistem, inovator dan pengadopsi awal mencapai keuntungan windfall,
sehingga cenderung memperlebar kesenjangan sosial ekonomi antara awal
kategori mengadopsi dibandingkan lamban. Jadi pengadopsi awal mendapatkan
lebih kaya, dan keuntungan ekonomi pengadopsi kemudian 'relatif
lebih kecil.
Jadi difusi inovasi, karena proses ini umumnya terjadi,
cenderung menurunkan tingkat kesetaraan dalam sistem sosial. Tapi ini
kecenderungan kesenjangan pelebaran tidak perlu terjadi, jika strategi khusus
diikuti untuk mempersempit kesenjangan, karena beberapa penelitian terbaru menunjukkan (harus
segera ditinjau).
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