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Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.

Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade
and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy
William H. Cooper
Specialist in International Trade and Finance
February 26, 2014
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RL31356
Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy
Congressional Research Service
Summary
Free trade areas (FTAs) are arrangements among two or more countries under which they agree to
eliminate tariffs and nontariff barriers on trade in goods among themselves. However, each
country maintains its own policies, including tariffs, on trade outside the region.
In the last few years, the United States has engaged or has proposed to engage in negotiations to
establish bilateral and regional free trade arrangements with a number of trading partners. Such
arrangements are not new in U.S. trade policy. The United States has had a free trade arrangement
with Israel since 1985 and with Canada since 1989, which was expanded to include Mexico and
became the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) effective in January 1994.
U.S. interest in bilateral and regional free trade arrangements surged, and the Bush
Administration accelerated the pace of negotiations after the enactment of the Trade Promotion
Authority in August 2002. U.S. participation in free trade agreements can occur only with the
concurrence of Congress. In addition, FTAs affect the U.S. economy, with the impact varying
across sectors.
The 112
th
Congress and the Obama Administration faced the question of whether and when to act
on three FTAs pending from the Bush Administration—with Colombia, Panama, and South
Korea. Although the Bush Administration signed these agreements, it and the leaders of the 110
th
Congress could not reach agreement on proceeding to enact them. No action was taken during the
111
th
Congress either.
After discussion with congressional leaders and negotiations with the governments of Colombia,
Panama, and South Korea to assuage congressional concerns regarding treatment of union
officials (Colombia), taxation regimes (Panama), and trade in autos (South Korea), President
Obama submitted draft implementing legislation to Congress on October 3, 2011. The 112
th
Congress approved each of the bills in successive votes on October 12, along with legislation to
renew an aspect of the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program. President Obama signed the
bills into law on October 21, 2011.
In the meantime, on November 14, 2009, President Obama committed to work with the current
and prospective partners in the negotiations to form a Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement.
The TPP is a free trade agreement that includes nations on both sides of the Pacific. The TPP
negotiations emerged from an FTA that included Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore and
that entered into force in 2006. Besides the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia,
Mexico, Peru, and Vietnam have joined the negotiations. Furthermore, the United States has been
negotiating with the 28-member European Union to form the Transatlantic Trade and Investment
Partnership (TTIP).
FTAs raise some important policy issues: Do FTAs serve or impede U.S. long-term national
interests and trade policy objectives? Which type of an FTA arrangement meets U.S. national
interests? What should U.S. criteria be in choosing FTA partners? Are FTAs a substitute for or a
complement to U.S. commitments and interests inpromoting a multilateral trading system via the
World Trade Organization (WTO)? What effect will the expiration of TPA have on the future of
FTAs as a trade policy strategy?
Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy
Congressional Research Service
Contents
What Are Free Trade Areas? ............................................................................................................ 2
Why Countries Form FTAs .............................................................................................................. 3
FTAs in the Context of U.S. Trade Policy ....................................................................................... 3
Obama Administration Policy and Recent Developments ............................................................... 5
Economic Impact of FTAs ............................................................................................................... 8
FTAs and the WTO ........................................................................................................................ 10
The Debate Over FTAs .................................................................................................................. 11
Conclusions and Implications for Congress .................................................................................. 14
Tabl es
Table 1. U.S. Free Trade Agreements .............................................................................................. 7
Contacts
Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 15
Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy
Congressional Research Service 1
n the last few years, the United States has considered bilateral and regional free trade areas
(FTAs) with a number of trading partners. Such arrangements are not new in U.S. trade
policy. The United States has had a free trade arrangement with Israel since 1985 and with
Canada since 1989. The latter was suspended when the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) that included the United States, Canada, and Mexico went into effect in January 1994.
U.S. interest in bilateral and regional free trade arrangements surged, and the Bush
Administration accelerated the pace of negotiations after the enactment of the Trade Promotion
Authority in August 2002. U.S. participation in free trade agreements can occur only with the
concurrence of Congress. In addition, FTAs affect the U.S. economy, with the impact varying
across sectors.
The 112
th
Congress and the Obama Administration faced the question of whether and when to act
on three pending FTAs—with Colombia, Panama, and South Korea. Although the Bush
Administration signed these agreements, it and the leaders of the 110
th
Congress could not reach
agreement on proceeding to enact them. No action was taken during the 111
th
Congress either. In
addition, the Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) expired on July 1, 2007, meaning that any new
FTAs agreed to would not likely receive expedited legislative consideration, unless the authority
is renewed.
1
After discussion with congressional leaders and negotiations with the governments of Colombia,
Panama, and South Korea to assuage congressional concerns regarding treatment of union
officials (Colombia), taxation regimes (Panama), and trade in autos (South Korea), President
Obama submitted draft implementing legislation to Congress on October 3, 2011. The 112
th
Congress approved each of the bills in successive votes on October 12, along with legislation to
renew an aspect of the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program.
In the meantime, on November 14, 2009, President Obama committed to work with the current
and prospective partners to form the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement. The TPP is a
free trade agreement that includes nations on both sides of the Pacific. The TPP grew out of an
FTA that included Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore. Besides the United States,
Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, and Vietnam have also joined the
negotiations.
2
Furthermore, the United States is negotiating with the European Union to form the
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP).
3
FTAs raise some important policy issues: Do FTAs serve or impede U.S. long-term national
interests and trade policy objectives? Which type of an FTA arrangement meets U.S. national
interests? What should U.S. criteria be in choosing FTA partners? Are FTAs a substitute for or a
complement to U.S. commitments and interests inpromoting a multilateral trading system via the
World Trade Organization (WTO)? What effect will the expiration of TPA have on the future of
FTAs as a trade policy strategy?
1
For more information on TPA, see CRS Report RL33743, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of
Congress in Trade Policy, by William H. Cooper.
2
For more information on the TPP, see CRS Report R42694, The Trans-Pacific Partnership(TPP) Negotiations and
Issues for Congress, coordinated by Ian F. Fergusson.
3
For more information on the TTIP, see CRS Report R43387, Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)
Negotiations, by Shayerah Ilias Akhtar and Vivian C. Jones.
I
Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy
Congressional Research Service 2
This report will monitor pending and possible proposals for U.S. FTAs, relevant legislation, and
other 113
th
Congress interest in U.S. FTAs.
What Are Free Trade Areas?
Free trade areas are part of the broad category of trade arrangements under which membercountries grant one another preferential treatment in trade. Preferential trade arrangements
include the following:
• free trade areas(FTAs), under which member countries agree to eliminate
tariffs and nontariff barriers on trade in goods within the FTA, but each country
maintains its own trade policies, including tariffs on trade outside the region;
• customs unions, in which members conduct free trade among themselves and
maintain common tariffs and other trade policies outside the arrangement;
• common markets, in which member countries go beyond a customs union by
eliminating barriers to labor and capital flows across national borders within the
market; and
• economic unions, where members merge their economies even further by
est
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Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy William H. Cooper Specialist in International Trade and Finance February 26, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL31356 Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy Congressional Research Service Summary Free trade areas (FTAs) are arrangements among two or more countries under which they agree to eliminate tariffs and nontariff barriers on trade in goods among themselves. However, each country maintains its own policies, including tariffs, on trade outside the region. In the last few years, the United States has engaged or has proposed to engage in negotiations to establish bilateral and regional free trade arrangements with a number of trading partners. Such arrangements are not new in U.S. trade policy. The United States has had a free trade arrangement with Israel since 1985 and with Canada since 1989, which was expanded to include Mexico and became the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) effective in January 1994. U.S. interest in bilateral and regional free trade arrangements surged, and the Bush Administration accelerated the pace of negotiations after the enactment of the Trade Promotion Authority in August 2002. U.S. participation in free trade agreements can occur only with the concurrence of Congress. In addition, FTAs affect the U.S. economy, with the impact varying across sectors. The 112thCongress and the Obama Administration faced the question of whether and when to act on three FTAs pending from the Bush Administration—with Colombia, Panama, and South Korea. Although the Bush Administration signed these agreements, it and the leaders of the 110thCongress could not reach agreement on proceeding to enact them. No action was taken during the 111thCongress either. After discussion with congressional leaders and negotiations with the governments of Colombia, Panama, and South Korea to assuage congressional concerns regarding treatment of union officials (Colombia), taxation regimes (Panama), and trade in autos (South Korea), President Obama submitted draft implementing legislation to Congress on October 3, 2011. The 112thCongress approved each of the bills in successive votes on October 12, along with legislation to renew an aspect of the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program. President Obama signed the bills into law on October 21, 2011. In the meantime, on November 14, 2009, President Obama committed to work with the current and prospective partners in the negotiations to form a Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement. The TPP is a free trade agreement that includes nations on both sides of the Pacific. The TPP negotiations emerged from an FTA that included Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore and that entered into force in 2006. Besides the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, and Vietnam have joined the negotiations. Furthermore, the United States has been negotiating with the 28-member European Union to form the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). FTAs raise some important policy issues: Do FTAs serve or impede U.S. long-term national interests and trade policy objectives? Which type of an FTA arrangement meets U.S. national interests? What should U.S. criteria be in choosing FTA partners? Are FTAs a substitute for or a complement to U.S. commitments and interests inpromoting a multilateral trading system via the World Trade Organization (WTO)? What effect will the expiration of TPA have on the future of FTAs as a trade policy strategy? Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy Congressional Research Service Contents What Are Free Trade Areas? ............................................................................................................ 2Why Countries Form FTAs .............................................................................................................. 3FTAs in the Context of U.S. Trade Policy ....................................................................................... 3Obama Administration Policy and Recent Developments ............................................................... 5Economic Impact of FTAs ............................................................................................................... 8FTAs and the WTO ........................................................................................................................ 10The Debate Over FTAs .................................................................................................................. 11Conclusions and Implications for Congress .................................................................................. 14Tabl es Table 1. U.S. Free Trade Agreements .............................................................................................. 7Contacts Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 15Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy Congressional Research Service 1 n the last few years, the United States has considered bilateral and regional free trade areas (FTAs) with a number of trading partners. Such arrangements are not new in U.S. trade policy. The United States has had a free trade arrangement with Israel since 1985 and with Canada since 1989. The latter was suspended when the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that included the United States, Canada, and Mexico went into effect in January 1994. U.S. interest in bilateral and regional free trade arrangements surged, and the Bush Administration accelerated the pace of negotiations after the enactment of the Trade Promotion Authority in August 2002. U.S. participation in free trade agreements can occur only with the concurrence of Congress. In addition, FTAs affect the U.S. economy, with the impact varying across sectors. The 112thCongress and the Obama Administration faced the question of whether and when to act on three pending FTAs—with Colombia, Panama, and South Korea. Although the Bush Administration signed these agreements, it and the leaders of the 110thCongress could not reach agreement on proceeding to enact them. No action was taken during the 111thCongress either. In addition, the Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) expired on July 1, 2007, meaning that any new FTAs agreed to would not likely receive expedited legislative consideration, unless the authority is renewed.1After discussion with congressional leaders and negotiations with the governments of Colombia, Panama, and South Korea to assuage congressional concerns regarding treatment of union officials (Colombia), taxation regimes (Panama), and trade in autos (South Korea), President Obama submitted draft implementing legislation to Congress on October 3, 2011. The 112thCongress approved each of the bills in successive votes on October 12, along with legislation to renew an aspect of the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program. In the meantime, on November 14, 2009, President Obama committed to work with the current and prospective partners to form the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement. The TPP is a free trade agreement that includes nations on both sides of the Pacific. The TPP grew out of an FTA that included Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore. Besides the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, and Vietnam have also joined the negotiations.2Furthermore, the United States is negotiating with the European Union to form the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP).3FTAs raise some important policy issues: Do FTAs serve or impede U.S. long-term national interests and trade policy objectives? Which type of an FTA arrangement meets U.S. national interests? What should U.S. criteria be in choosing FTA partners? Are FTAs a substitute for or a complement to U.S. commitments and interests inpromoting a multilateral trading system via the World Trade Organization (WTO)? What effect will the expiration of TPA have on the future of FTAs as a trade policy strategy? 1For more information on TPA, see CRS Report RL33743, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy, by William H. Cooper. 2For more information on the TPP, see CRS Report R42694, The Trans-Pacific Partnership(TPP) Negotiations and Issues for Congress, coordinated by Ian F. Fergusson. 3For more information on the TTIP, see CRS Report R43387, Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) Negotiations, by Shayerah Ilias Akhtar and Vivian C. Jones. IFree Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy Congressional Research Service 2 This report will monitor pending and possible proposals for U.S. FTAs, relevant legislation, and other 113thCongress interest in U.S. FTAs. What Are Free Trade Areas? Free trade areas are part of the broad category of trade arrangements under which membercountries grant one another preferential treatment in trade. Preferential trade arrangements include the following: • free trade areas(FTAs), under which member countries agree to eliminate tariffs and nontariff barriers on trade in goods within the FTA, but each country maintains its own trade policies, including tariffs on trade outside the region; • customs unions, in which members conduct free trade among themselves and maintain common tariffs and other trade policies outside the arrangement; • common markets, in which member countries go beyond a customs union by eliminating barriers to labor and capital flows across national borders within the market; and • economic unions, where members merge their economies even further by est
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Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas: Dampak terhadap US Trade
dan Implikasi Kebijakan Perdagangan AS
William H. Cooper
Spesialis di Perdagangan Internasional dan Keuangan
26 Februari 2014
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RL31356
Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas: Dampak terhadap US Perdagangan dan Implikasi untuk US Trade Policy
Congressional Research Service
Ringkasan
daerah perdagangan bebas (FTA) adalah pengaturan antara dua atau lebih negara di mana mereka setuju untuk
menghapuskan tarif dan hambatan nontarif di perdagangan barang di antara mereka sendiri. Namun, masing-masing
negara mempertahankan kebijakan sendiri, termasuk tarif, perdagangan luar daerah.
Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, Amerika Serikat telah terlibat atau telah mengusulkan untuk terlibat dalam negosiasi untuk
membangun pengaturan perdagangan bebas bilateral dan regional dengan sejumlah mitra dagang . Seperti
pengaturan tidak baru dalam kebijakan perdagangan AS. Amerika Serikat telah memiliki pengaturan perdagangan bebas
dengan Israel sejak tahun 1985 dan dengan Kanada sejak tahun 1989, yang diperluas untuk mencakup Meksiko dan
menjadi Amerika Utara Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas (NAFTA) yang efektif pada Januari 1994.
bunga AS dalam pengaturan perdagangan bebas bilateral dan regional melonjak, dan Bush
Administration mempercepat laju negosiasi setelah berlakunya Promosi Perdagangan
Authority pada tahun 2002. Agustus partisipasi AS dalam perjanjian perdagangan bebas dapat terjadi hanya dengan
persetujuan Kongres. Selain itu, FTA mempengaruhi ekonomi AS, dengan dampak yang berbeda-beda
di seluruh sektor.
112
th
Kongres dan pemerintahan Obama menghadapi pertanyaan apakah dan kapan harus bertindak
pada tiga FTA tertunda dari Bush-dengan Kolombia, Panama, dan South
Korea . Meskipun pemerintahan Bush menandatangani perjanjian ini, dan para pemimpin dari 110
th
Kongres tidak bisa mencapai kesepakatan tentang melanjutkan untuk memberlakukan mereka. Tidak ada tindakan yang diambil selama
111
th
Kongres baik.
Setelah diskusi dengan para pemimpin Kongres dan negosiasi dengan pemerintah Kolombia,
Panama, dan Korea Selatan untuk meredakan kekhawatiran kongres mengenai pengobatan serikat
pejabat (Kolombia), rezim perpajakan (Panama), dan perdagangan di autos (Korea Selatan), Presiden
Obama mengajukan rancangan undang-undang untuk melaksanakan Kongres pada tanggal 3 Oktober 2011. 112
th
Kongres menyetujui setiap tagihan di penilaian berturut-turut pada tanggal 12 Oktober, bersama dengan undang-undang untuk
memperbaharui aspek Bantuan Perdagangan Penyesuaian ( Program TAA). Presiden Obama menandatangani
tagihan menjadi undang-undang pada 21 Oktober 2011.
Sementara itu, pada tanggal 14 November 2009, Presiden Obama berkomitmen untuk bekerja dengan arus
mitra dan calon dalam negosiasi untuk membentuk Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Perjanjian.
The TPP adalah perjanjian perdagangan bebas yang mencakup negara-negara di kedua sisi Pasifik. TPP
negosiasi muncul dari FTA yang termasuk Brunei, Chili, Selandia Baru, dan Singapura dan
yang mulai berlaku pada tahun 2006. Selain Amerika Serikat, Australia, Kanada, Jepang, Malaysia,
Meksiko, Peru, dan Vietnam telah bergabung dengan negosiasi. Selain itu, Amerika Serikat telah
melakukan negosiasi dengan 28-anggota Uni Eropa untuk membentuk Transatlantic Perdagangan dan Investasi
Kemitraan (TTIP).
FTA meningkatkan beberapa isu kebijakan penting: Apakah FTA melayani atau menghambat US nasional jangka panjang
kepentingan dan tujuan kebijakan perdagangan? Yang jenis pengaturan FTA memenuhi US nasional
kepentingan? Apa yang harus kriteria AS dalam memilih mitra FTA? Adalah FTA pengganti atau
pelengkap komitmen AS dan kepentingan inpromoting sistem perdagangan multilateral melalui
Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO)? Apa efek akan berakhirnya TPA terhadap masa depan
FTA sebagai strategi kebijakan perdagangan?
Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas: Dampak terhadap US Perdagangan dan Implikasi Kebijakan Perdagangan US
Congressional Research Service
Isi
Apakah Gratis Area Perdagangan? 2
Mengapa Negara Form FTA 3
FTA dalam Konteks Kebijakan Perdagangan AS ......................................... .............................................. 3
Kebijakan Administrasi Obama dan Perkembangan Terakhir ............................................... ................ 5
Ekonomi Dampak FTA 8
FTA dan WTO 10
Debat Lebih dari FTA 11
Kesimpulan dan Implikasi bagi Kongres ............................................ ...................................... 14
Tabl es
Tabel 1. Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas AS .. .................................................. .......................................... 7
Kontak
Penulis Hubungi 15
Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas: Dampak terhadap US Perdagangan dan Implikasi Kebijakan Perdagangan US
Congressional Research Service 1
n beberapa tahun terakhir, Amerika Serikat telah dianggap daerah perdagangan bebas bilateral dan regional
(FTA) dengan sejumlah mitra dagang. Pengaturan tersebut tidak baru dalam perdagangan AS
kebijakan. Amerika Serikat telah memiliki pengaturan perdagangan bebas dengan Israel sejak tahun 1985 dan dengan
Kanada sejak tahun 1989. Yang terakhir dihentikan saat Amerika Utara Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas
(NAFTA) yang termasuk Amerika Serikat, Kanada, dan Meksiko mulai berlaku pada Januari 1994.
bunga AS dalam pengaturan perdagangan bebas bilateral dan regional melonjak, dan Bush
Administration mempercepat laju negosiasi setelah berlakunya Promosi Perdagangan
Authority pada tahun 2002. Agustus partisipasi AS dalam perjanjian perdagangan bebas dapat terjadi hanya dengan
persetujuan Kongres. Selain itu, FTA mempengaruhi ekonomi AS, dengan dampak yang berbeda-beda
di seluruh sektor.
112
th
Kongres dan pemerintahan Obama menghadapi pertanyaan apakah dan kapan harus bertindak
pada tiga tertunda FTA-dengan Kolombia, Panama, dan Korea Selatan. Meskipun Bush
Administration menandatangani perjanjian ini, dan para pemimpin dari 110
th
Kongres tidak bisa mencapai
kesepakatan tentang melanjutkan untuk memberlakukan mereka. Tidak ada tindakan yang diambil selama 111
th
Kongres baik. Di
samping itu, Otoritas Promosi Perdagangan (TPA) berakhir pada 1 Juli 2007, yang berarti bahwa setiap baru
FTA setuju untuk tidak akan mungkin menerima dipercepat pertimbangan legislatif, kecuali kewenangan
diperbarui.
1
Setelah diskusi dengan para pemimpin Kongres dan negosiasi dengan pemerintah Kolombia,
Panama, dan Korea Selatan untuk meredakan kekhawatiran kongres mengenai pengobatan serikat
pejabat (Kolombia), rezim perpajakan (Panama), dan perdagangan di autos (Korea Selatan), Presiden
Obama mengajukan rancangan undang-undang untuk melaksanakan Kongres pada tanggal 3 Oktober 2011. 112
th
Kongres menyetujui setiap tagihan di penilaian berturut-turut pada tanggal 12 Oktober, bersama dengan undang-undang untuk
memperbaharui aspek dari program Bantuan Trade Adjustment (TAA).
Sementara itu, pada tanggal 14 November 2009, Presiden Obama berkomitmen untuk bekerja dengan arus
dan calon mitra untuk membentuk Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Perjanjian. TPP adalah
perjanjian perdagangan bebas yang mencakup negara-negara di kedua sisi Pasifik. TPP tumbuh dari sebuah
FTA yang termasuk Brunei, Chili, Selandia Baru, dan Singapura. Selain Amerika Serikat,
Australia, Kanada, Jepang, Malaysia, Meksiko, Peru, dan Vietnam juga memiliki bergabung dengan
negosiasi.
2
Selanjutnya, Amerika Serikat sedang melakukan negosiasi dengan Uni Eropa untuk membentuk
Transatlantic Perdagangan dan Investasi Kemitraan (TTIP).
3
FTA meningkatkan beberapa isu kebijakan penting: Apakah FTA melayani atau menghambat US nasional jangka panjang
kepentingan dan tujuan kebijakan perdagangan? Yang jenis pengaturan FTA memenuhi US nasional
kepentingan? Apa yang harus kriteria AS dalam memilih mitra FTA? Adalah FTA pengganti atau
pelengkap komitmen AS dan kepentingan inpromoting sistem perdagangan multilateral melalui
Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO)? Apa efek akan berakhirnya TPA terhadap masa depan
FTA sebagai strategi kebijakan perdagangan?
1
Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang TPA, lihat CRS Report RL33743, Otoritas Promosi Perdagangan (TPA) dan Peran
Kongres dalam Kebijakan Perdagangan, oleh William H. Cooper.
2
Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang TPP, lihat CRS Report R42694, The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Negosiasi dan
Masalah untuk Kongres, dikoordinasikan oleh Ian F. Fergusson.
3
Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang TTIP, lihat CRS Report R43387, Transatlantic Perdagangan dan Investasi Kemitraan (TTIP)
Negosiasi, oleh Shayerah Ilias Akhtar dan Vivian C. Jones.
Saya
Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas: Dampak terhadap US perdagangan dan Implikasi Kebijakan perdagangan US
Congressional Research Service 2
Laporan ini akan memantau tertunda dan mungkin proposal untuk US FTA, undang-undang yang relevan, dan
113 lainnya
th
Kongres minat US FTA.
Apakah Free Trade Area?
daerah perdagangan bebas adalah bagian dari kategori yang luas dari pengaturan perdagangan di mana membercountries memberikan satu perlakuan istimewa lain dalam perdagangan. Pengaturan perdagangan preferensial
meliputi:
• daerah perdagangan bebas (FTA), di mana negara-negara anggota setuju untuk menghilangkan
tarif dan hambatan nontarif di perdagangan barang dalam FTA, namun masing-masing negara
mempertahankan kebijakan perdagangan sendiri, termasuk tarif pada perdagangan luar daerah ;
• serikat pabean, di mana anggota melakukan perdagangan bebas di antara mereka sendiri dan
mempertahankan tarif umum dan kebijakan perdagangan lain di luar pengaturan;
• pasar umum, di mana negara-negara anggota melampaui serikat pabean dengan
menghilangkan hambatan untuk tenaga kerja dan modal mengalir lintas batas nasional dalam yang
pasar; dan
• serikat ekonomi, di mana anggota menggabungkan ekonomi mereka lebih jauh dengan
est
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