What could account for the lowerlevel of role conflict in this sample? terjemahan - What could account for the lowerlevel of role conflict in this sample? Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

What could account for the lowerlev

What could account for the lower
level of role conflict in this sample?
Part of the reason may be the high
amount of spousal support that these
women had. Most of them (over
74%) said that their spouse was either
happy or very happy with the level of
commitment that they had to their
business and over 70% said that their
spouse offered them emotional support.
Thus, even though their partners
did not offer much help with the
household chores or with childrearing,
the women were overall happy
with the level of support that they
received from their marital partners.
This is also reflected in the fact that
five of the women rated spousal support
as a key reason for their success.
Even among the others, many had
stated that a woman cannot hope to
succeed without support from her
JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 75
spouse. Another factor that may have
contributed to the high degree of
spousal support that these women
enjoyed might have been the stable,
satisfactory nature of their marriages.
As mentioned before, most were in
fairly long lasting and happy marriages
with over 80% stating that they
were "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with
their marital life.
Another possible reason for the
lower level of role conflict that these
women experienced might be the
fairly high level of extended family
support that they enjoy. Many had
highly supportive parents and in-laws
and 25% had at least one extended
family member staying with them.
This may have reduced the burden of
childcare for these women.
+ lower number indicates lower levels of conflict
*Reverse coded
Mean+
Relationship with Spouse
Improves relationship* 2.88
Keeps me from spending time 2.37
Worries interfere with relationship 1.94
Too tired to do things with spouse 2.22
Marriage suffers due to business 1.46
Average 2.30
Relationship with Children
Makes it hard to have good relations 1.77
Hours interfere with time spent 2.17
Irritable;not as good a parent 1.97
Don’t have energy to be good parent 2.06
Makes me a better parent* 2.23
Average 2.54
Homemaker Role
Difficult to do household chores 2.49
Unable to do much at home
due to time spent on business 2.43
Worries interfere with ability to
do household chores 2.03
Don’t have energy to do chores 2.34
Makes it easier to get chores done* 1.54
Average 3.10
TABLE 3
Work-family Conflicts
76 JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP
The lower level of role conflict is
reflected in the high level of satisfaction
with life in general (4.3), their
marriage (4.1) and their role as a
parent (3.8). Most of these women
were also highly satisfied with the
way their business was progressing
(mean=4.1) with over 80% stating
that they were either "satisfied" or
"very satisfied" with the way their
business was progressing.
Reasons for starting a business
The women were asked why they
started a business in the first place.
The most common reasons were
financial in nature. Ten women said
that they were motivated by financial
rewards; six of these reported that
they started their business to help the
family financially or because their
husbands were unemployed. Thus
financial benefit seems to be a key
motivating factor. This is contrary to
findings from developed nations like
Canada (Lavoie, 1992). An almost
equal number said that they were
motivated by "pull" factors- e.g.,
needing a challenge, wanting to try
something on their own, to be independent
or show others that they are
capable of doing well in business.
Several others were motivated by
their interest in a particular craft and
having time on their hands to pursue
their interests. For these women, the
business often started as a hobby;
then, as their friends and relatives
started purchasing some of their
products, the hobby slowly grew into
N %
Had time/to keep busy 11 15%
Was hobby/special interest 9 13%
Money 10 14%
Needed the money/help family 6 8%
Family/spouse had business 5 7%
Control over time, flexibility 2 3%
Challenge, try something on one’s own,
show others independence 11 16%
Self Satisfaction 6 9%
Example to children 2 3%
Employment to others- do something worthwhile 3 4%
Other 6 8%
TABLE 4
Reasons for Starting a Business
JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 77
a full-fledged business operation. A
final motivator seems to be the urge
to do something for other peopleexample,
providing employment to
others, to be good role models to
their children or just the need to do
"something worthwhile" (Table 4).
While these can be called "pull" factors,
the focus here seems to be on
factors outside of themselves or their
personal success.
Studies from other countries- especially
developed nations- indicate
that individual "push" factors such as
dissatisfaction with jobs is a significant
motivating factor in the case of
women entrepreneurs (Berard &
Brown, 1994; Charest, 1995). It is
interesting that the "push" factors
here were primarily related with their
jobs or facing the "glass ceiling".
Unlike their western counterparts,
these women were not starting a
business at the peak of their childbearing
years (as found by Belcourt,
et al, 1991). The findings also differ
from those found in other nations
which indicate that women are motivated
more by the need for achievement
(Shane, et al, 1991), challenge
and self-determination (Buttner &
Moore, 1997) than monetary reasons.
Balancing work and family does
not seem to have been a major motivating
factor for these women. In
fact, only one woman mentioned the
time flexibility that having your own
business would offer as a reason for
starting her enterprise.
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What could account for the lowerlevel of role conflict in this sample?Part of the reason may be the highamount of spousal support that thesewomen had. Most of them (over74%) said that their spouse was eitherhappy or very happy with the level ofcommitment that they had to theirbusiness and over 70% said that theirspouse offered them emotional support.Thus, even though their partnersdid not offer much help with thehousehold chores or with childrearing,the women were overall happywith the level of support that theyreceived from their marital partners.This is also reflected in the fact thatfive of the women rated spousal supportas a key reason for their success.Even among the others, many hadstated that a woman cannot hope tosucceed without support from herJOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 75spouse. Another factor that may havecontributed to the high degree ofspousal support that these womenenjoyed might have been the stable,satisfactory nature of their marriages.As mentioned before, most were infairly long lasting and happy marriageswith over 80% stating that theywere "satisfied" or "very satisfied" withtheir marital life.Another possible reason for thelower level of role conflict that thesewomen experienced might be thefairly high level of extended familysupport that they enjoy. Many hadhighly supportive parents and in-lawsand 25% had at least one extendedfamily member staying with them.This may have reduced the burden ofchildcare for these women.+ lower number indicates lower levels of conflict*Reverse codedMean+Relationship with SpouseImproves relationship* 2.88Keeps me from spending time 2.37Worries interfere with relationship 1.94Too tired to do things with spouse 2.22Marriage suffers due to business 1.46Average 2.30Relationship with ChildrenMakes it hard to have good relations 1.77Hours interfere with time spent 2.17Irritable;not as good a parent 1.97Don’t have energy to be good parent 2.06Makes me a better parent* 2.23Average 2.54Homemaker RoleDifficult to do household chores 2.49Unable to do much at homedue to time spent on business 2.43Worries interfere with ability todo household chores 2.03Don’t have energy to do chores 2.34Makes it easier to get chores done* 1.54Average 3.10TABLE 3Work-family Conflicts76 JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIPThe lower level of role conflict isreflected in the high level of satisfactionwith life in general (4.3), theirmarriage (4.1) and their role as aparent (3.8). Most of these womenwere also highly satisfied with theway their business was progressing(mean=4.1) with over 80% statingthat they were either "satisfied" or"very satisfied" with the way theirbusiness was progressing.Reasons for starting a businessThe women were asked why theystarted a business in the first place.The most common reasons werefinancial in nature. Ten women saidthat they were motivated by financialrewards; six of these reported thatthey started their business to help thefamily financially or because theirhusbands were unemployed. Thusfinancial benefit seems to be a keymotivating factor. This is contrary tofindings from developed nations likeCanada (Lavoie, 1992). An almostequal number said that they weremotivated by "pull" factors- e.g.,needing a challenge, wanting to trysomething on their own, to be independentor show others that they arecapable of doing well in business.Several others were motivated bytheir interest in a particular craft andhaving time on their hands to pursuetheir interests. For these women, thebusiness often started as a hobby;then, as their friends and relativesstarted purchasing some of theirproducts, the hobby slowly grew intoN %Had time/to keep busy 11 15%Was hobby/special interest 9 13%Money 10 14%Needed the money/help family 6 8%Family/spouse had business 5 7%Control over time, flexibility 2 3%Challenge, try something on one’s own,show others independence 11 16%Self Satisfaction 6 9%Example to children 2 3%Employment to others- do something worthwhile 3 4%Other 6 8%TABLE 4Reasons for Starting a BusinessJOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 77a full-fledged business operation. Afinal motivator seems to be the urgeto do something for other peopleexample,providing employment toothers, to be good role models totheir children or just the need to do"something worthwhile" (Table 4).While these can be called "pull" factors,the focus here seems to be onfactors outside of themselves or theirpersonal success.Studies from other countries- especiallydeveloped nations- indicatethat individual "push" factors such asdissatisfaction with jobs is a significantmotivating factor in the case ofwomen entrepreneurs (Berard &Brown, 1994; Charest, 1995). It isinteresting that the "push" factorshere were primarily related with theirjobs or facing the "glass ceiling".Unlike their western counterparts,these women were not starting abusiness at the peak of their childbearingyears (as found by Belcourt,et al, 1991). The findings also differfrom those found in other nationswhich indicate that women are motivatedmore by the need for achievement(Shane, et al, 1991), challengeand self-determination (Buttner &Moore, 1997) than monetary reasons.Balancing work and family doesnot seem to have been a major motivatingfactor for these women. Infact, only one woman mentioned thetime flexibility that having your ownbusiness would offer as a reason forstarting her enterprise.
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Apa yang bisa menjelaskan lebih rendah
tingkat konflik peran dalam sampel ini?
Salah satu alasannya mungkin tinggi
jumlah dukungan pasangan bahwa
wanita memiliki. Kebanyakan dari mereka (lebih dari
74%) mengatakan bahwa pasangan mereka adalah baik
senang atau sangat senang dengan tingkat
komitmen bahwa mereka harus mereka
bisnis dan lebih dari 70% mengatakan bahwa mereka
pasangan yang ditawarkan mereka dukungan emosional.
Jadi, meskipun pasangan mereka
tidak menawarkan banyak membantu dengan
pekerjaan rumah tangga atau dengan membesarkan anak,
perempuan secara keseluruhan bahagia
dengan tingkat dukungan yang mereka
terima dari mitra perkawinan mereka.
Hal ini juga tercermin dalam kenyataan bahwa
lima perempuan dinilai dukungan pasangan
sebagai alasan utama untuk mereka sukses.
Bahkan di antara yang lain, banyak yang
menyatakan bahwa seorang wanita tidak dapat berharap untuk
berhasil tanpa dukungan dari dia
JURNAL USAHA KECIL & KEWIRAUSAHAAN 75
pasangan. Faktor lain yang mungkin telah
memberi kontribusi pada tingkat tinggi
dukungan pasangan bahwa perempuan-perempuan
menikmati mungkin telah stabil,
sifat memuaskan pernikahan mereka.
Seperti disebutkan sebelumnya, sebagian besar berada di
pernikahan cukup tahan lama dan bahagia
dengan lebih dari 80% menyatakan bahwa mereka
adalah "puas" atau "sangat puas" dengan
kehidupan perkawinan mereka.
Alasan lain mungkin untuk
tingkat yang lebih rendah dari konflik peran bahwa
perempuan mengalami mungkin
tingkat yang cukup tinggi diperpanjang keluarga
dukungan yang mereka nikmati. Banyak yang
tua sangat mendukung dan mertua
dan 25% memiliki setidaknya satu diperpanjang
anggota keluarga yang tinggal bersama mereka.
Ini mungkin telah mengurangi beban
pengasuhan anak bagi wanita.
+ angka yang lebih rendah menunjukkan tingkat yang lebih rendah dari konflik
* Terbalik kode
Berarti +
Hubungan dengan Pasangan
Meningkatkan hubungan * 2.88
Terus saya dari menghabiskan waktu 2,37
Kekhawatiran mengganggu hubungan 1.94
Terlalu lelah untuk melakukan hal-hal dengan pasangan 2.22
Pernikahan menderita karena bisnis 1,46
rata-rata 2,30
Hubungan dengan Anak
Membuatnya sulit untuk memiliki hubungan baik 1,77
Jam mengganggu waktu yang dihabiskan 2.17
Irritable; tidak sebagus orang tua 1.97
Tidak memiliki energi untuk menjadi baik orangtua 2.06
Membuat saya orang tua yang lebih baik * 2.23
Rata-rata 2.54
rumahan Peran
Sulit untuk melakukan pekerjaan rumah tangga 2,49
Tidak dapat berbuat banyak di rumah
karena waktu yang digunakan untuk bisnis 2.43
Kekhawatiran mengganggu kemampuan untuk
melakukan pekerjaan rumah tangga 2.03
Tidak memiliki energi untuk melakukan tugas-tugas 2.34
Membuatnya lebih mudah untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan yang dilakukan * 1,54
rata-rata 3.10
TABEL 3
Work-family Konflik Konflik
76 JURNAL USAHA KECIL & KEWIRAUSAHAAN
Tingkat lebih rendah dari konflik peran yang
tercermin dalam tingkat tinggi kepuasan
dengan kehidupan pada umumnya (4.3), mereka
menikah (4.1) dan peran mereka sebagai
orang tua (3.8). Sebagian besar perempuan ini
juga sangat puas dengan
cara bisnis mereka berkembang
(rata-rata = 4,1) dengan lebih dari 80% menyatakan
bahwa mereka "puas" atau
"sangat puas" dengan cara mereka
bisnis yang berkembang.
Alasan untuk memulai bisnis
Para wanita ditanya mengapa mereka
memulai bisnis di tempat pertama.
Alasan yang paling umum adalah
keuangan di alam. Sepuluh wanita mengatakan
bahwa mereka termotivasi oleh keuangan
imbalan; enam ini melaporkan bahwa
mereka memulai bisnis mereka untuk membantu
keluarga secara finansial atau karena mereka
suami yang menganggur. Dengan demikian
keuntungan finansial tampaknya menjadi kunci
faktor pendorong. Hal ini bertentangan dengan
temuan dari negara-negara maju seperti
Kanada (Lavoie, 1992). Hampir
jumlah yang sama mengatakan bahwa mereka
termotivasi oleh "menarik" faktor dalam misalnya,
membutuhkan tantangan, ingin mencoba
sesuatu sendiri, menjadi mandiri
atau menunjukkan kepada orang lain bahwa mereka
mampu melakukan dengan baik dalam bisnis.
Beberapa orang lain termotivasi oleh
minat mereka dalam kerajinan tertentu dan
memiliki waktu di tangan mereka untuk mengejar
kepentingan mereka. Untuk para wanita, yang
bisnis sering dimulai sebagai hobi,
maka, sebagai teman dan kerabat mereka
mulai membeli beberapa mereka
produk, hobi perlahan tumbuh menjadi
N%
Punya waktu / untuk tetap sibuk 11 15%
Apakah hobi / minat khusus 9 13%
Uang 10 14%
Dibutuhkan uang / bantuan keluarga 6 8%
Keluarga / pasangan memiliki bisnis 5 7%
Kontrol dari waktu ke waktu, fleksibilitas 2 3%
Challenge, mencoba sesuatu pada seseorang,
acara lain kemerdekaan 11 16%
Kepuasan Diri 6 9%
Contoh untuk anak 2 3%
Ketenagakerjaan kepada orang lain melakukan sesuatu yang berharga 3 4%
Lainnya 6 8%
TABLE 4
Alasan untuk Memulai Bisnis
JURNAL USAHA KECIL & KEWIRAUSAHAAN 77
operasi bisnis penuh. Sebuah
motivator akhir tampaknya menjadi dorongan
untuk melakukan sesuatu untuk peopleexample lainnya,
memberikan lapangan kerja untuk
orang lain, untuk menjadi panutan yang baik untuk
anak-anak mereka atau hanya perlu untuk melakukan
"sesuatu yang berharga" (Tabel 4).
Sementara ini bisa disebut "menarik "faktor,
fokus di sini tampaknya berada di
faktor di luar diri mereka sendiri atau mereka
sukses pribadi.
Studi dari countries- lain terutama
dikembangkan nations- menunjukkan
bahwa individu "push" faktor-faktor seperti
ketidakpuasan dengan pekerjaan adalah signifikan
faktor pendorong dalam kasus
perempuan pengusaha (Berard &
Brown, 1994; Charest, 1995). Sangat
menarik bahwa "push" faktor
di sini yang terutama berhubungan dengan mereka
pekerjaan atau menghadapi "langit-langit kaca".
Tidak seperti rekan-rekan Barat mereka,
wanita-wanita ini tidak memulai
bisnis di puncak melahirkan mereka
tahun (seperti yang ditemukan oleh Belcourt,
et al, 1991). Temuan juga berbeda
dari yang ditemukan di negara-negara lain
yang menunjukkan bahwa wanita termotivasi
lebih oleh kebutuhan untuk berprestasi
(Shane, et al, 1991), tantangan
dan penentuan nasib sendiri (Buttner &
Moore, 1997) dibandingkan alasan moneter.
Menyeimbangkan kerja dan Keluarga tidak
tampaknya tidak menjadi motivasi utama
faktor untuk para wanita. Pada
kenyataannya, hanya satu wanita menyebutkan
fleksibilitas waktu bahwa memiliki sendiri
bisnis akan menawarkan sebagai alasan untuk
memulai usahanya.
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