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Bahasa Indonesia) 1:
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Studies of happiness levels across the life span have found support for two rival hypotheses. Thepositivity effect states that as people get older, they increasingly attend to positive information, whichimplies that happiness remains stable or increases with age, whereas the U-shaped hypothesis posits acurvilinear shape resulting from a dip during midlife. Both have been presented as potentially universalhypotheses that relate to cognitive and/or biological causes. The current study examined the happinessage relationship across 29 European nations (N 46,301) to explore whether it is moderated by nationalwealth, as indexed by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. It was found that eudaimonic andhedonic happiness remained relatively stable across the life span only in the most affluent nations; inpoorer nations, there was either a fluctuating or steady age-associated decline. These findings challengethe cultural universality of the happiness-age relationship and suggest that models of how age relates tohappiness should include the socioeconomic level of analysis.
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