All of the variables are scaled by the book value of assets(At, data 8 terjemahan - All of the variables are scaled by the book value of assets(At, data 8 Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

All of the variables are scaled by

All of the variables are scaled by the book value of assets(At, data 89) to account for heteroskedasticity. The dependent variable is the market value of equity (Vt)scaled by book value of assets. The independent variables include earnings (Et), interest expense (It),research and development (RDt), and dividends (Dt), all scaled by At.Et equals net income (data 32) plus interest expense (data 15) plus deferred taxes (data 25);RDt equals research and development expense (data 52);It equals
interest expense (data 15); and Dt equals the total amount of dividends (data 34).dXt
is the difference between Xt and Xt 2 for variable X, and dX t+2 is the difference between X t+2 and Xt. We also include a civil law dummy in the regression since
La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer, and Vishny (2002) show that valuations are lower in civil law counties. The main variable of interest is the interaction term between creditor rights and the change in dividends(CR(dxt+2/A)).The coefficient of this variable,a,is predicted to be positive according to the (competing) tradeoff hypothesis.
To estimate regression Model 3, we first delete any firm-years that do not have data in the required fields.This process reduces our sample size from 120,507 firm year observations to 67,331 firm-year observations. We check for biases in the reduced sample by comparing its distributions across years, industries, and countries to the
full sample distributions in Panels A, B, and C of Table 9.Overall, the reduced sample appears to be fairly representative of the full sample across years, industries, and
countries.In Table 10,wereport Fama–MacBeth (1973)estimations for variations on regression Model 3. Due to space limitations, we report only the coefficient estimates for the main variable of interest, the interaction term (a16). All other coefficient estimates are consistent with prior studies
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All of the variables are scaled by the book value of assets(At, data 89) to account for heteroskedasticity. The dependent variable is the market value of equity (Vt)scaled by book value of assets. The independent variables include earnings (Et), interest expense (It),research and development (RDt), and dividends (Dt), all scaled by At.Et equals net income (data 32) plus interest expense (data 15) plus deferred taxes (data 25);RDt equals research and development expense (data 52);It equalsinterest expense (data 15); and Dt equals the total amount of dividends (data 34).dXtis the difference between Xt and Xt 2 for variable X, and dX t+2 is the difference between X t+2 and Xt. We also include a civil law dummy in the regression sinceLa Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer, and Vishny (2002) show that valuations are lower in civil law counties. The main variable of interest is the interaction term between creditor rights and the change in dividends(CR(dxt+2/A)).The coefficient of this variable,a,is predicted to be positive according to the (competing) tradeoff hypothesis.To estimate regression Model 3, we first delete any firm-years that do not have data in the required fields.This process reduces our sample size from 120,507 firm year observations to 67,331 firm-year observations. We check for biases in the reduced sample by comparing its distributions across years, industries, and countries to thefull sample distributions in Panels A, B, and C of Table 9.Overall, the reduced sample appears to be fairly representative of the full sample across years, industries, andcountries.In Table 10,wereport Fama–MacBeth (1973)estimations for variations on regression Model 3. Due to space limitations, we report only the coefficient estimates for the main variable of interest, the interaction term (a16). All other coefficient estimates are consistent with prior studies
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Semua variabel adalah skala dengan nilai buku aset (At, data 89) untuk memperhitungkan heteroskedastisitas. Variabel dependen adalah nilai pasar ekuitas (Vt) skala oleh nilai buku aset. Variabel independen meliputi laba (Et), beban bunga (It), penelitian dan pengembangan (RDT), dan dividen (Dt), semua skala oleh At.Et sama laba bersih (data 32) ditambah beban bunga (data 15) ditambah ditangguhkan pajak (data 25); RDT sama penelitian dan pengembangan beban (data 52); Ini sama dengan
beban bunga (data 15); dan Dt sama dengan jumlah total dividen (data 34) .dXt
adalah perbedaan antara Xt dan Xt 2 untuk variabel X, dan DX t + 2 adalah perbedaan antara X t + 2 dan Xt. Kami juga menyertakan boneka hukum perdata di regresi sejak
La Porta, Lopez-de-silane, Shleifer, dan Vishny (2002) menunjukkan bahwa valuasi lebih rendah di negara hukum perdata. Variabel utama yang menarik adalah istilah interaksi antara hak kreditur dan perubahan dividen (CR (PXT + 2 / A)). Koefisien variabel ini, sebuah, diprediksi akan positif sesuai dengan (bersaing) tradeoff hipotesis.
Untuk memperkirakan Model regresi 3, pertama kita menghapus setiap perusahaan-tahun yang tidak memiliki data dalam proses fields.This yang diperlukan mengurangi ukuran sampel kami dari 120.507 observasi tahun perusahaan ke 67.331 observasi perusahaan-tahun. Kami memeriksa bias dalam sampel dikurangi dengan membandingkan distribusi di seluruh tahun, industri, dan negara-negara dengan
distribusi sampel penuh dalam Panel A, B, dan C dari Tabel 9.Overall, sampel dikurangi tampaknya cukup mewakili sampel penuh di tahun, industri, dan
countries.In Tabel 10, wereport Fama-Macbeth (1973) estimasi untuk variasi pada Model regresi 3. Karena keterbatasan ruang, kami hanya melaporkan perkiraan koefisien untuk variabel utama kepentingan, istilah interaksi (a16 ). Semua perkiraan koefisien lainnya konsisten dengan penelitian sebelumnya
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