Since a textual theory sketches out the constants, while textual criti terjemahan - Since a textual theory sketches out the constants, while textual criti Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Since a textual theory sketches out

Since a textual theory sketches out the constants, while textual criticism should highlight the variables, it often happens that, hav-ing realised that the world of intertextuality is made up of constants and variables of invention, and that a work of literature is a miracle of invention that keeps at bay and conceals the variables on which it nevertheless plays, semiotic inquiry is reduced to the discovery of the same constants in every text, and thus loses sight of the inventions. As a result of this we find people researching the structure- of the tarot cards in Calvino (as though the author had not already revealed everything on this subject to us), or formulaic exercises on life and death, identified in every text, which as a result re-duces Hamlet to "to be / not to be," "not wanting to be / wanting not to be." In these cases, we should note, the procedure may be excellent in didactic terms, and may even succeed in showing how, whereas all of us struggle each day between wanting to be and wanting not to be, Shakespeare presents an eternal dilemma in a new way. But it is precisely from this "novelty" that our dis-course should start, and narratological levelling is only a preamble to discovering the "peaks" of art. If literary theory exists to uncover the constants in different texts, when the critic applies the theory he should not limit him-self to finding the same invariables in every text (for doing so goes no further than the work of the theorist), but if anything he should start from the awareness of the constants to see how the text calls them into question, makes them interact, and covers this skeleton with different skin and muscles in each different case. The drama of Oedipus's not wanting to know in Sophocles's, play is given not by this modal structure (which can be found even in the most banal scenes where the wife who has been betrayed says to her gossipy female friend: "Please, I don't want to know") but by the strategy through which the revelation is delayed, by what is at stake (parricide and incest, as opposed to a banal ex-ample of conjugal betrayal), and by the surface of the discourse.
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Since a textual theory sketches out the constants, while textual criticism should highlight the variables, it often happens that, hav-ing realised that the world of intertextuality is made up of constants and variables of invention, and that a work of literature is a miracle of invention that keeps at bay and conceals the variables on which it nevertheless plays, semiotic inquiry is reduced to the discovery of the same constants in every text, and thus loses sight of the inventions. As a result of this we find people researching the structure- of the tarot cards in Calvino (as though the author had not already revealed everything on this subject to us), or formulaic exercises on life and death, identified in every text, which as a result re-duces Hamlet to "to be / not to be," "not wanting to be / wanting not to be." In these cases, we should note, the procedure may be excellent in didactic terms, and may even succeed in showing how, whereas all of us struggle each day between wanting to be and wanting not to be, Shakespeare presents an eternal dilemma in a new way. But it is precisely from this "novelty" that our dis-course should start, and narratological levelling is only a preamble to discovering the "peaks" of art. If literary theory exists to uncover the constants in different texts, when the critic applies the theory he should not limit him-self to finding the same invariables in every text (for doing so goes no further than the work of the theorist), but if anything he should start from the awareness of the constants to see how the text calls them into question, makes them interact, and covers this skeleton with different skin and muscles in each different case. The drama of Oedipus's not wanting to know in Sophocles's, play is given not by this modal structure (which can be found even in the most banal scenes where the wife who has been betrayed says to her gossipy female friend: "Please, I don't want to know") but by the strategy through which the revelation is delayed, by what is at stake (parricide and incest, as opposed to a banal ex-ample of conjugal betrayal), and by the surface of the discourse.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Sejak teori tekstual sketsa konstanta, sementara kritik teks harus menyoroti variabel, sering terjadi bahwa, hav-ing menyadari bahwa dunia intertekstualitas terdiri dari konstanta dan variabel penemuan, dan bahwa karya sastra adalah sebuah keajaiban penemuan yang membuat di teluk dan menyembunyikan variabel yang itu tetap memainkan, penyelidikan semiotik berkurang pada penemuan konstanta yang sama di setiap teks, dan dengan demikian kehilangan pandangan dari penemuan. Sebagai hasil dari ini kita menemukan orang-orang meneliti-struktur dari kartu tarot di Calvino (seolah-olah penulis tidak sudah mengungkapkan segalanya tentang hal ini kepada kami), atau latihan rumusan tentang hidup dan mati, yang diidentifikasi dalam setiap teks, yang sebagai hasil re-duces Hamlet untuk "menjadi / tidak menjadi," "tidak ingin menjadi / ingin untuk tidak." Dalam kasus ini, kita harus mencatat, prosedur mungkin sangat baik dari segi didaktik, dan bahkan mungkin berhasil dalam menunjukkan bagaimana, sedangkan kita semua berjuang setiap hari antara ingin menjadi dan ingin tidak menjadi, Shakespeare menyajikan dilema abadi dalam baru cara. Tapi justru dari ini "baru" yang kami dis-kursus harus mulai, dan meratakan narratological hanya basa-basi untuk menemukan "puncak" dari seni. Jika teori sastra ada untuk mengungkap konstanta dalam teks-teks yang berbeda, ketika kritikus berlaku teori dia seharusnya tidak membatasi dirinya-sendiri untuk menemukan invariables sama di setiap teks (untuk melakukannya berjalan tidak lebih dari karya teori), tetapi jika apa pun harus dimulai dari kesadaran konstanta untuk melihat bagaimana teks menyebut mereka dipertanyakan, membuat mereka berinteraksi, dan mencakup kerangka ini dengan kulit yang berbeda dan otot dalam setiap kasus yang berbeda. Drama Oedipus tidak ingin tahu di Sophocles ini, bermain diberikan bukan oleh struktur modal ini (yang dapat ditemukan bahkan di adegan paling dangkal di mana istri yang telah mengkhianati mengatakan ke teman perempuannya gosip: "Silakan, saya don ' t ingin tahu "), tapi dengan strategi melalui mana wahyu tertunda, oleh apa yang dipertaruhkan (pembunuhan ayah dan incest, sebagai lawan dangkal mantan cukup pengkhianatan suami-istri), dan oleh permukaan wacana.
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