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Skinner is the only major figure in

Skinner is the only major figure in the history of behaviorism to offer a socio-political world view based on his commitment to behaviorism. Skinner constructed a theory as well as narrative picture in Walden Two (1948) of what an ideal human society would be like if designed according to behaviorist principles (see also Skinner 1971). Skinner's social worldview illustrates both his aversion to free will, to homunculi, to dualism as well as his reasons for claiming that a person's history of environmental interactions controls his or her behavior.

One remarkable feature of human behavior which Skinner deliberately rejects is that people creatively make their own environments (see Chomsky 1971, Black 1973). The world is as it is, in part, because we make it that way. Skinner protests that “it is in the nature of an experimental analysis of human behavior that it should strip away the functions previously assigned to autonomous man and transfer them one by one to the controlling environment” (1971, p. 198).

Critics have raised several objections to the Skinnerian social picture. One of the most persuasive, and certainly one of the most frequent, adverts to Skinner's vision of the ideal human society. It is a question asked of the fictional founder of Walden Two, Frazier, by the philosopher Castle. It is the question of what is the best social mode of existence for a human being. Frazier's, and therein Skinner's, response to this question is both too general and incomplete. Frazier/Skinner speaks of the values of health, friendship, relaxation, rest, and so forth. However, these values are hardly the detailed basis of a social system.

There is a notorious difficulty in social theory of specifying the appropriate level of detail at which a blueprint for a new and ideal society must be presented (see Arnold 1990, pp. 4–10). Skinner identifies the behavioristic principles and learning incentives that he hopes will reduce systematic injustices in social systems. He also describes a few practices (concerning child rearing and the like) that are intended to contribute to human happiness. However, he offers only the haziest descriptions of the daily lives of Walden Two citizens and no suggestions for how best to resolve disputes about alternative ways of life that are prima facie consistent with behaviorist principles (see Kane 1996, p. 203). He gives little or no serious attention to the crucial general problem of inter-personal conflict resolution and to the role of institutional arrangements in resolving conflicts.

In an essay which appeared in The Behavior Analyst (1985), nearly forty years after the publication of Walden Two, Skinner, in the guise of Frazier, tried to clarify his characterization of ideal human circumstances. He wrote that in the ideal human society “people just naturally do the things they need to do to maintain themselves … and treat each other well, and they just naturally do a hundred other things they enjoy doing because they do not have to do them” (p. 9). However, of course, doing a hundred things humans enjoy doing means only that Walden Two is vaguely defined, not that its culturally instituted habits and the character of its institutions merit emulation.

The incompleteness of Skinner's description of the ideal human society or life is so widely acknowledged that one might wonder if actual experiments in Walden Two living could lend useful detail to his blueprint. More than one such social experiment has been conducted. Perhaps the most interesting (in part because the community has evolved away from its Skinnerian influences) is the Twin Oaks Community in Virginia in the U.S.A., which can be indirectly explored via the Internet (see Other Internet Resources).
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Skinner adalah tokoh utama dalam sejarah Behaviorisme menawarkan pandangan dunia sosial-politik yang didasarkan pada komitmennya untuk Behaviorisme. Skinner dibangun teori serta narasi gambar di Walden dua (1948) dari ideal masyarakat manusia apa akan seperti jika dirancang berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip perilaku hewan (Lihat juga Skinner 1971). Pandangan sosial Skinner yang menggambarkan kedua nya keengganan kehendak bebas, untuk homunculi, untuk dualisme dan juga sebagai alasan untuk mengklaim bahwa seseorang sejarah lingkungan interaksi kontrol perilaku nya.Salah satu fitur yang luar biasa dari perilaku manusia yang Skinner sengaja menolak adalah bahwa orang-orang kreatif membuat lingkungan mereka sendiri (Lihat Chomsky 1971, hitam 1973). Dunia adalah seperti itu, sebagian, karena kami membuatnya seperti itu. Skinner protes bahwa "ini adalah dalam sifat eksperimental Analisis perilaku manusia bahwa itu harus strip menghilangkan fungsi yang sebelumnya ditugaskan untuk laki-laki yang otonom dan transfer mereka satu per satu ke lingkungan mengendalikan" (1971, ms. 198).Kritikus telah menaikkan beberapa keberatan dengan gambar sosial yang Skinnerian. Salah satu paling persuasif, dan pasti salah satu yang paling sering, iklan Skinner's visi masyarakat manusia yang ideal. Itu adalah pertanyaan yang diajukan pendiri fiksi Walden dua, Frazier, oleh filsuf Castle. Itu adalah pertanyaan tentang apa yang terbaik sosial mode eksistensi bagi manusia. Frazier, dan di dalamnya Skinner, respon untuk pertanyaan ini terlalu umum dan tidak lengkap. Frazier Skinner berbicara tentang nilai-nilai Kesehatan, persahabatan, relaksasi, istirahat, dan sebagainya. Namun, nilai-nilai ini yang tidak rinci dasar dari sistem sosial.Ada sebuah kesulitan yang terkenal dalam teori sosial menentukan tingkat detail yang cetak biru untuk masyarakat yang baru dan ideal harus ditunjukkan (Lihat Arnold 1990, ms. 4-10). Skinner mengidentifikasi prinsip-prinsip behavioristic dan insentif belajar bahwa ia berharap akan mengurangi ketidakadilan sistematis dalam sistem sosial. Dia juga menggambarkan beberapa praktek (mengenai membesarkan anak dan sejenisnya) yang dimaksudkan untuk memberikan kontribusi untuk kebahagiaan manusia. Namun, ia menawarkan hanya Deskripsi haziest dari kehidupan sehari-hari Walden dua warga negara dan ada saran untuk cara terbaik untuk menyelesaikan perselisihan tentang cara alternatif untuk kehidupan yang prima facie konsisten dengan prinsip-prinsip perilaku hewan (Lihat Kane 1996, ms. 203). Dia memberi sedikit atau tidak ada perhatian serius untuk masalah umum penting resolusi konflik antar pribadi dan peran pengaturan kelembagaan dalam menyelesaikan konflik.Dalam esai yang muncul dalam The perilaku Analyst (1985), hampir empat puluh tahun setelah penerbitan dua Walden, Skinner, dalam bentuk Frazier, mencoba untuk mengklarifikasi nya karakterisasi kondisi manusia yang ideal. Dia menulis bahwa dalam masyarakat manusia ideal "orang hanya alami melakukan hal-hal yang mereka perlu lakukan untuk mempertahankan diri mereka sendiri... dan memperlakukan satu sama lain dengan baik, dan mereka hanya alami melakukan seratus hal lain mereka menikmati melakukan karena mereka tidak memiliki untuk melakukannya" (hal. 9). Namun, tentu saja, melakukan seratus hal manusia menikmati melakukan berarti bahwa Walden dua samar-samar didefinisikan, tidak bahwa kebiasaan yang instituted budaya dan karakter lembaga pantas emulasi.Ketidaklengkapan Skinner's Deskripsi ideal masyarakat manusia atau kehidupan begitu luas diakui bahwa satu mungkin bertanya-tanya jika sebenarnya percobaan dalam dua Walden hidup dapat meminjamkan detail yang bermanfaat untuk cetak biru nya. Lebih dari satu eksperimen sosial tersebut telah dilakukan. Mungkin yang paling menarik (sebagian karena masyarakat telah berevolusi dari pengaruh yang Skinnerian) adalah komunitas Oaks kembar di Virginia di Amerika Serikat, yang dapat dieksplorasi secara tidak langsung melalui Internet (Lihat sumber daya Internet yang lain).
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Skinner is the only major figure in the history of behaviorism to offer a socio-political world view based on his commitment to behaviorism. Skinner constructed a theory as well as narrative picture in Walden Two (1948) of what an ideal human society would be like if designed according to behaviorist principles (see also Skinner 1971). Skinner's social worldview illustrates both his aversion to free will, to homunculi, to dualism as well as his reasons for claiming that a person's history of environmental interactions controls his or her behavior.

One remarkable feature of human behavior which Skinner deliberately rejects is that people creatively make their own environments (see Chomsky 1971, Black 1973). The world is as it is, in part, because we make it that way. Skinner protests that “it is in the nature of an experimental analysis of human behavior that it should strip away the functions previously assigned to autonomous man and transfer them one by one to the controlling environment” (1971, p. 198).

Critics have raised several objections to the Skinnerian social picture. One of the most persuasive, and certainly one of the most frequent, adverts to Skinner's vision of the ideal human society. It is a question asked of the fictional founder of Walden Two, Frazier, by the philosopher Castle. It is the question of what is the best social mode of existence for a human being. Frazier's, and therein Skinner's, response to this question is both too general and incomplete. Frazier/Skinner speaks of the values of health, friendship, relaxation, rest, and so forth. However, these values are hardly the detailed basis of a social system.

There is a notorious difficulty in social theory of specifying the appropriate level of detail at which a blueprint for a new and ideal society must be presented (see Arnold 1990, pp. 4–10). Skinner identifies the behavioristic principles and learning incentives that he hopes will reduce systematic injustices in social systems. He also describes a few practices (concerning child rearing and the like) that are intended to contribute to human happiness. However, he offers only the haziest descriptions of the daily lives of Walden Two citizens and no suggestions for how best to resolve disputes about alternative ways of life that are prima facie consistent with behaviorist principles (see Kane 1996, p. 203). He gives little or no serious attention to the crucial general problem of inter-personal conflict resolution and to the role of institutional arrangements in resolving conflicts.

In an essay which appeared in The Behavior Analyst (1985), nearly forty years after the publication of Walden Two, Skinner, in the guise of Frazier, tried to clarify his characterization of ideal human circumstances. He wrote that in the ideal human society “people just naturally do the things they need to do to maintain themselves … and treat each other well, and they just naturally do a hundred other things they enjoy doing because they do not have to do them” (p. 9). However, of course, doing a hundred things humans enjoy doing means only that Walden Two is vaguely defined, not that its culturally instituted habits and the character of its institutions merit emulation.

The incompleteness of Skinner's description of the ideal human society or life is so widely acknowledged that one might wonder if actual experiments in Walden Two living could lend useful detail to his blueprint. More than one such social experiment has been conducted. Perhaps the most interesting (in part because the community has evolved away from its Skinnerian influences) is the Twin Oaks Community in Virginia in the U.S.A., which can be indirectly explored via the Internet (see Other Internet Resources).
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