Hasil (
Bahasa Indonesia) 1:
[Salinan]Disalin!
untuk kelas pekerja di perkotaan Cina dan orang tua, dan rasa menyertainyadan dislokasi. Tahun reformasi telah membawa sejumlahmasalah bagi negara Cina sektor pekerja, terutama di Cina Timur Laut'rust sabuk'. Sejumlah cendekiawan telah mendokumentasikan ini 'jatuh pekerja',munculnya pengangguran di kalangan pekerja sektor negara, dan masalah lainnyadihadapi oleh Cina kelas pekerja di perkotaan (Blecher, 2002; Hung dan Chiu, 2003;Hurst, 2004; Hurst dan O'Brien, 2002; Lee, 1999, 2000, 2002; Solinger,2002, 2004; Won, 2004). Seperti banyak pekerja di Eropa Timur (Kideckel,2002), atau Cina sendiri 'hilang' revolusi kebudayaan generasi (Hung danChiu, 2003), Kelas pekerja di perkotaan Cina dan ruang sosial yangmereka terkait telah kehilangan modal simbolik dalam reformasiera mereka asosiasi dengan patah dan tampaknya unre-sektor thermoformable bagian negara. Hasilnya telah, dalam kata-kata Dorothy Solinger,'crumpling [Sosialis] status hierarki' (2004: 52).Perubahan sosial yang cepat seperti ini baik menciptakan dan membuat lebih terlihatseperti kelompok lintasan (Bourdieu, 1984; Swidler, 1986), mengakibatkan apaBourdieu disebut sebagai 'efek lintasan' (1984:111) – perselisihan antarapraktik dan harapan (kelompok tertentu)habitus), di satu sisi,dan kemungkinan objektif terbuka untuk mereka di bawah berubah sekitar sosial-stances, di sisi lain. Salah satu contoh yang memberikan Bourdieu (1984) adalah kasus'diploma inflasi' dan keterlambatan atau kegagalan beberapa kelompok atau individuuntuk mengenali devaluasi identitasnya. Dalam kasus lain, sosialperubahan menghasilkan perjuangan melawan 'downclassing' dan strategi untuk mempertahankankedudukan sosial dengan mengubah mendevaluasi sumber daya- atau ibu-ke bernilaibentuk (Bourdieu, 1984; Bourdieu dan Boltanski, 1981). Dengan kata lain,hubungan antarahabitusdan posisi kelas tidak membeku dalam waktutetapi mencerminkan lintasan sejarah, baik satu individu melalui lapisanruang sosial atau satu kolektif melalui transformasi sosialstruktur.Transformasi sosial yang telah menyertai postsocialist tran-sitions adalah hanya jenis konteks di mana kita dapat mengharapkan untuk menemukan buktidari kelompok sosial lintasan. Memang, studi postsocialist mengubah sosial-ations berjuang untuk memahami bagaimana masa lalu terus menginformasikanSekarang, dalam banyak cara, penyangkalan sosialisme negara. Banyak etno-grafis penelitian menyoroti cara-cara di mana praktek-praktek sosial yang baru danbentuk-bentuk organisasi sosial yang dibentuk oleh pra-socialist era kekuasaan struktur-Tures dan praktek-praktek budaya (misalnya Berdahl, 1997; Burawoy dan Verdery,1999; Dunn, 2004; Verdery, 1998). Studi kedua Eropa Timur (Haney,1999; Zbierski-Salameh, 1999) dan Cina (Lee, 2000, 2002; Rofel, 1999)menunjukkan bagaimana orang memobilisasi ideologi negara sosialis dan identitas untukmake claims in the marketized present. Elizabeth Dunn (2004) argues thatin struggles over the legitimacy of new forms of social organization theseenduring positions should not simply be viewed as socialist legacies butHanser■Sales floor trajectories467461-492 073147 Hanser (D) 7/11/06 08:52 Page 467© 2006 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution.by HARWAN ANDI KUNNA on November 3, 2007 http://eth.sagepub.comDownloaded from rather as deeply held belief systems that offer a key resource for socialcritique.In China, where the present is very much understood as an outright rejec-tion of the socialist past, efforts to invoke a ‘radiant past’ (Burawoy andLukács, 1992) encounter many hurdles. In service settings in particular,aging state sector workers have become the ‘abjected figures’ (Rofel, 1999:190) against which modern efficiency and quality are defined (Hanser,2005). As cultural critic Zhang Zhen (2000) notes, young, attractive womenwho increasingly dominate service sector jobs represent a ‘robust image ofvivacious, young female eaters of the rice bowl of youth’ (p. 94) that starklyopposes the socialist iron rice bowl and ‘the permanence and security ofglamourless and low-paying state sectors’ (p. 98).But, as David Stark and Laszlo Bruszt point out in their study of post-socialist institutional change, social transformations ‘do not simplyconstrain; they enable’, providing spaces for innovative ‘recombinantstrategies’ that rework old resources in new contexts (1998: 7–8). In urbanChinese department stores, class and generational trajectories take on thehue of ‘recombinant’ strategy and practice. On the sales floors at HarbinNo. X, we also come to see the overlap between two distinct trajectories:the downward trajectory of a state-owned retailer within the retail field,paralleled by the broader decline of China’s urban working class. In whatamounted to a working-class ‘strategy of representation’ (Rofel, 1999),workers defended against the store’s downward trajectory in the new,market economy context by attempting to translate the store’s, and theirown, socialist era symbolic and cultural capital into forms their customerscould recognize.Distrust in the marketplace and the stratification of riskWhile the skeptical shoppers appearing on Harbin No. X’s sales floors werethe product of a broader consumer environment, neither perceptions of norexposure to marketplace risks are distributed equally in China. Whereas thenew rich shop in luxury retail settings offering extensive product and serviceguarantees (Gu et al., 2004; Larenaudie, 2005), for Chinese of limitedmeans, the contemporary consumer marketplace is a realm fraught withdangers. In contrast to the country’s planned economy days, when (as oneinformant described) ‘quality might be poor, but at least everything wascheap’, China’s ordinary consumers today face a marketplace where quality,price, and the authenticity of merchandise are all subject to question and asource of anxiety.From the very start of reforms, most of China’s urban residents viewedthe appearance of small-scale private (geti) merchants with great suspicion
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