Protecting the Global Climate: Internationally Tradeable Emission Perm terjemahan - Protecting the Global Climate: Internationally Tradeable Emission Perm Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Protecting the Global Climate: Inte

Protecting the Global Climate: Internationally Tradeable Emission Permits
Virtually unlimited opportunities for low-cost reduction of greenhouse gas emissions are another
grossly undervalued resource in potentially high demand in the North and for which the South has a comparative advantage to supply in exchange for financial and technological resources. While
reductions of CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption in Japan and the EEC might cost over
US$100 per ton, in developing countries, such as India and China they would cost under US$10 per
ton. If CO 2 emission reduction were a conventional commodity, there would be no doubt about where developed countries would seek to obtain these supplies from. Today two obstacles stand in the way of emissions reduction trading. First, there is no binding obligation on countries to contain their emissions. The Climate Convention could change that, especially if amended to set an aggregate ceiling on greenhouse gas emissions, allocated among countries according to population size or a combination of population size and some other variable such as GDP or historical level of emissions. Any allocation mechanism that has any chance of being accepted by the South would result in excess demand for emission permits by the developed countries and excess supply by the developing countries, setting the stage for emissions trading. Even if allowable emissions are frozen at historical
levels, growth would generate demand for additional emission permits which could be more easily
obtained from developing countries through improved energy efficiency rather than from developed
countries such as Japan or Germany where further improvements in efficiency or reductions in
emissions could only come at a high cost.
Allowing emissions trading across nations would obtain a given reduction of emission at the lowest possible cost and also encourage technology transfer and flow of financial resources from North to South in the interest of both the protection of global climate and sustainable development. For most developing countries, tradeable emission permits would be a major source of financial inflow and technology transfers and a strong incentive to become more efficient to save emission permits for sale to other countries or for their own industrial expansion.
Joint Implementation and Carbon Offsets
Joint implementation is a bilateral arrangement between developed and developing countries to
collaborate on a global commons problem in recognition of the potential mutual benefits arising from differential opportunity sets (determined by differences in the level of development, technology, and preferences). A developing country with low-cost carbon emission reduction opportunities and in need of new technology and financial resources may cooperate with a developed country that has both the technology and the financial resources but needs low-cost carbon emission reductions (or sequestration) opportunities to meet its obligations under the Global Climate Convention. The cooperation, or rather, joint implementation may take the form of the developed country transferring help to the developing country in terms of financial resources and technology—helping them to become more energy efficient by switching fuels (e.g. coal to natural gas) and protective of their forests (planting trees in degraded watersheds) in exchange for carbon reduction credits against the country's international obligations. These exchanges or carbon offsets, as they are known, could take place between the two countries' governments or private sectors (with government endorsement).
One such type of carbon offset is between a developed country utility and a developing country forest company or forest department. The power utility finances a shift to reduced impact logging techniques, enrichment planting (or reforestation), or forest conservation in a developing country in exchange for credit for the carbon saved or sequestered by the funded forestry activity. The potential benefits are substantial (arising from differential costs of CO 2 reductions between developed and developing countries) and shared between the parties involved (both private and public). While several such pilot offsets have been initiated in recent years (e.g., New England Electrical System with the Sabah Foundation and Applied Energy Systems of Virginia with Guatemala), North-South carbon offsets have not yet been sanctioned by governments or the global community as a legitimate means of meeting CO 2 reduction obligations under the Climate Convention. Despite criticism of this and other joint implementation mechanisms, there is sufficient interest by both the North and South to warrant further study and experimentation. Carbon offsets is one mechanism by which the global value of carbon sequestions can be internalized by the local populations of developing countries. Joint implementation, if properly designed and implemented to be efficient and equitable, is indeed an application of the cost-effectiveness and beneficiary pays principles of efficiency and equity, respectively.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
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Melindungi iklim Global: izin emisi internasional TradeablePeluang yang hampir tak terbatas untuk biaya rendah pengurangan emisi gas rumah kaca yang lainterlalu undervalued sumber dalam permintaan berpotensi tinggi di utara dan Selatan yang memiliki keunggulan komparatif untuk memasok untuk sumber daya keuangan dan teknologi. Sementarapengurangan emisi CO 2 dari konsumsi bahan bakar fosil di Jepang dan EEC mungkin biaya lebih dariUS$ 100 per ton, di negara berkembang, seperti India dan Cina mereka akan biaya di bawah US$ 10 perton. Jika pengurangan emisi CO 2 komoditas konvensional, tidak akan ada keraguan tentang mana negara-negara maju akan berusaha untuk mendapatkan persediaan dari. Hari ini dua rintangan berdiri di jalan perdagangan pengurangan emisi. Pertama, ada tidak ada kewajiban mengikat pada negara-negara untuk mengandung emisi mereka. Konvensi iklim bisa mengubah itu, terutama jika diamandemen untuk menetapkan langit-langit agregat pada rumah kaca emisi gas, dialokasikan antara negara-negara menurut ukuran populasi atau kombinasi ukuran populasi dan beberapa variabel lain seperti PDB atau sejarah tingkat emisi. Setiap mekanisme alokasi yang memiliki kesempatan untuk diterima oleh Selatan akan mengakibatkan kelebihan permintaan untuk emisi izin oleh negara-negara maju dan kelebihan pasokan oleh negara-negara berkembang, yang mengatur panggung untuk perdagangan emisi. Bahkan jika diijinkan emisi beku pada sejarahtingkat pertumbuhan akan menghasilkan permintaan izin tambahan emisi yang dapat lebih mudahDiperoleh dari negara-negara berkembang melalui efisiensi energi meningkat daripada dari dikembangkannegara-negara seperti Jepang atau Jerman mana perbaikan lebih lanjut dalam efisiensi atau penguranganemisi hanya bisa datang pada biaya tinggi.Memungkinkan perdagangan di negara emisi akan mendapatkan pengurangan emisi pada biaya terendah mungkin diberikan dan juga mendorong transfer teknologi dan aliran sumber keuangan dari Utara ke selatan kepentingan kedua perlindungan iklim global dan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Untuk kebanyakan negara berkembang, tradeable emisi izin akan menjadi sumber besar transfer keuangan aliran dan teknologi dan insentif yang kuat untuk menjadi lebih efisien untuk menyimpan emisi izin untuk dijual ke negara lain atau untuk perluasan industri mereka sendiri.Bersama implementasi dan karbonBersama implementasi adalah perjanjian bilateral antara negara-negara maju dan berkembang untukberkolaborasi pada masalah bersama global atas potensi manfaat saling timbul dari kesempatan diferensial set (ditentukan oleh perbedaan dalam tingkat pengembangan, teknologi, dan preferensi). Negara berkembang dengan peluang pengurangan emisi karbon rendah dan membutuhkan teknologi baru dan sumber daya keuangan dapat bekerja sama dengan negara maju yang memiliki teknologi dan sumber daya keuangan tapi kebutuhan pengurangan emisi karbon rendah (atau penyerapan) kesempatan untuk memenuhi kewajibannya di bawah Konvensi Iklim Global. Kerjasama, atau lebih tepatnya, bersama implementasi dapat mengambil bentuk negara-negara maju yang mentransfer membantu negara berkembang dalam hal sumber daya keuangan dan teknologi-membantu mereka untuk menjadi lebih hemat energi dengan beralih bahan bakar (misalnya batubara gas alam) dan pelindung hutan mereka (menanam pohon di daerah aliran sungai terdegradasi) untuk kredit pengurangan karbon terhadap kewajiban internasional dari negara. Ini pertukaran atau karbon, seperti yang diketahui, bisa terjadi antara kedua negara pemerintah atau sektor swasta (dengan dukungan pemerintah).Salah satu jenis seperti offset karbon adalah antara utilitas negara maju dan negara berkembang hutan Departemen perusahaan atau hutan. Utilitas kekuatan keuangan pergeseran untuk mengurangi dampak teknik penebangan, penanaman dengan pengayaan (atau reboisasi), atau hutan konservasi di negara berkembang untuk kredit karbon disimpan atau diasingkan oleh aktivitas Kehutanan didanai. Potensi manfaat substansial (timbul dari diferensial biaya pengurangan CO 2 antara maju dan berkembang negara) dan bersama antara pihak yang terlibat (pribadi dan umum). Sementara beberapa offset percontohan tersebut telah dimulai dalam beberapa tahun terakhir (misalnya, New England listrik dengan Yayasan Sabah) dan sistem diterapkan energi sistem Virginia dengan Guatemala, Utara-Selatan karbon telah tidak belum telah disetujui oleh pemerintah atau masyarakat global sebagai sarana sah pertemuan CO 2 pengurangan kewajiban menurut Konvensi iklim. Meskipun kritik ini dan mekanisme bersama implementasi lain, ada cukup minat oleh kedua Utara dan Selatan untuk menjamin Kajian lebih lanjut dan eksperimen. Karbon offset adalah salah satu mekanisme yang nilai global karbon sequestions dapat dihayati oleh penduduk lokal negara-negara berkembang. Bersama implementasi, jika benar dirancang dan dilaksanakan untuk menjadi efisien dan adil, adalah memang aplikasi efektivitas biaya dan ahli waris membayar prinsip efisiensi dan ekuitas, masing-masing.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Protecting the Global Climate: Internationally Tradeable Emission Permits
Virtually unlimited opportunities for low-cost reduction of greenhouse gas emissions are another
grossly undervalued resource in potentially high demand in the North and for which the South has a comparative advantage to supply in exchange for financial and technological resources. While
reductions of CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption in Japan and the EEC might cost over
US$100 per ton, in developing countries, such as India and China they would cost under US$10 per
ton. If CO 2 emission reduction were a conventional commodity, there would be no doubt about where developed countries would seek to obtain these supplies from. Today two obstacles stand in the way of emissions reduction trading. First, there is no binding obligation on countries to contain their emissions. The Climate Convention could change that, especially if amended to set an aggregate ceiling on greenhouse gas emissions, allocated among countries according to population size or a combination of population size and some other variable such as GDP or historical level of emissions. Any allocation mechanism that has any chance of being accepted by the South would result in excess demand for emission permits by the developed countries and excess supply by the developing countries, setting the stage for emissions trading. Even if allowable emissions are frozen at historical
levels, growth would generate demand for additional emission permits which could be more easily
obtained from developing countries through improved energy efficiency rather than from developed
countries such as Japan or Germany where further improvements in efficiency or reductions in
emissions could only come at a high cost.
Allowing emissions trading across nations would obtain a given reduction of emission at the lowest possible cost and also encourage technology transfer and flow of financial resources from North to South in the interest of both the protection of global climate and sustainable development. For most developing countries, tradeable emission permits would be a major source of financial inflow and technology transfers and a strong incentive to become more efficient to save emission permits for sale to other countries or for their own industrial expansion.
Joint Implementation and Carbon Offsets
Joint implementation is a bilateral arrangement between developed and developing countries to
collaborate on a global commons problem in recognition of the potential mutual benefits arising from differential opportunity sets (determined by differences in the level of development, technology, and preferences). A developing country with low-cost carbon emission reduction opportunities and in need of new technology and financial resources may cooperate with a developed country that has both the technology and the financial resources but needs low-cost carbon emission reductions (or sequestration) opportunities to meet its obligations under the Global Climate Convention. The cooperation, or rather, joint implementation may take the form of the developed country transferring help to the developing country in terms of financial resources and technology—helping them to become more energy efficient by switching fuels (e.g. coal to natural gas) and protective of their forests (planting trees in degraded watersheds) in exchange for carbon reduction credits against the country's international obligations. These exchanges or carbon offsets, as they are known, could take place between the two countries' governments or private sectors (with government endorsement).
One such type of carbon offset is between a developed country utility and a developing country forest company or forest department. The power utility finances a shift to reduced impact logging techniques, enrichment planting (or reforestation), or forest conservation in a developing country in exchange for credit for the carbon saved or sequestered by the funded forestry activity. The potential benefits are substantial (arising from differential costs of CO 2 reductions between developed and developing countries) and shared between the parties involved (both private and public). While several such pilot offsets have been initiated in recent years (e.g., New England Electrical System with the Sabah Foundation and Applied Energy Systems of Virginia with Guatemala), North-South carbon offsets have not yet been sanctioned by governments or the global community as a legitimate means of meeting CO 2 reduction obligations under the Climate Convention. Despite criticism of this and other joint implementation mechanisms, there is sufficient interest by both the North and South to warrant further study and experimentation. Carbon offsets is one mechanism by which the global value of carbon sequestions can be internalized by the local populations of developing countries. Joint implementation, if properly designed and implemented to be efficient and equitable, is indeed an application of the cost-effectiveness and beneficiary pays principles of efficiency and equity, respectively.
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