ReproductionMain article: Domestic sheep reproductionThe second of twi terjemahan - ReproductionMain article: Domestic sheep reproductionThe second of twi Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

ReproductionMain article: Domestic

Reproduction
Main article: Domestic sheep reproduction


The second of twins being born on a New Zealand pasture
Sheep follow a similar reproductive strategy to other herd animals. A group of ewes is generally mated by a single ram, who has either been chosen by a breeder or has established dominance through physical contest with other rams (in feral populations).[25] Most sheep are seasonal breeders, although some are able to breed year-round.[25] Ewes generally reach sexual maturity at six to eight months of age, and rams generally at four to six months.[25] However, there are exceptions. For example, Finnsheep ewe lambs may reach puberty as early as 3 to 4 months, and Merino ewes sometimes reach puberty at 18 to 20 months.[73] Ewes have estrus cycles about every 17 days,[74] during which they emit a scent and indicate readiness through physical displays towards rams. A minority of rams display a preference for homosexuality (8% on average)[75] and a small number of the females that were accompanied by a male fetus in utero are freemartins (female animals that are behaviorally masculine and lack functioning ovaries).[76][77][78][79]

In feral sheep, rams may fight during the rut to determine which individuals may mate with ewes. Rams, especially unfamiliar ones, will also fight outside the breeding period to establish dominance; rams can kill one another if allowed to mix freely.[25] During the rut, even normally friendly rams may become aggressive towards humans due to increases in their hormone levels.[7]

After mating, sheep have a gestation period of about five months,[80] and normal labor takes one to three hours.[81] Although some breeds regularly throw larger litters of lambs, most produce single or twin lambs.[7][82] During or soon after labor, ewes and lambs may be confined to small lambing jugs,[83] small pens designed to aid both careful observation of ewes and to cement the bond between them and their lambs.[16][25]



A lamb's first steps
Ovine obstetrics can be problematic. By selectively breeding ewes that produce multiple offspring with higher birth weights for generations, sheep producers have inadvertently caused some domestic sheep to have difficulty lambing; balancing ease of lambing with high productivity is one of the dilemmas of sheep breeding.[84] In the case of any such problems, those present at lambing may assist the ewe by extracting or repositioning lambs.[25] After the birth, ewes ideally break the amniotic sac (if it is not broken during labor), and begin licking clean the lamb.[25] Most lambs will begin standing within an hour of birth.[25] In normal situations, lambs nurse after standing, receiving vital colostrum milk. Lambs that either fail to nurse or that are rejected by the ewe require aid to live, such as bottle-feeding or fostering by another ewe.[85]

After lambs are several weeks old, lamb marking (the process of ear tagging, docking, and castrating) is carried out.[25] Vaccinations are usually carried out at this point as well. Ear tags with numbers are attached, or ear marks are applied for ease of later identification of sheep. Castration is performed on ram lambs not intended for breeding, although some shepherds choose to avoid the procedure for ethical, economic or practical reasons.[25] However, many would disagree with regard to timing. Docking and castration are commonly done after 24 hours (to avoid interference with maternal bonding and consumption of colostrum) and are often done not later than one week after birth, to minimize pain, stress, recovery time and complications[86][87] The first course of vaccinations (commonly anti-clostridial) is commonly given at an age of about 10 to 12 weeks; i.e. when the concentration of maternal antibodies passively acquired via colostrum is expected to have fallen low enough to permit development of active immunity.[88][89][90] Ewes are often revaccinated annually about 3 weeks before lambing, to provide high antibody concentrations in colostrum during the first several hours after lambing.[40] Ram lambs that will either be slaughtered or separated from ewes before sexual maturity are not usually castrated.[16] Tail docking is commonly done for welfare, having been shown to reduce risk of fly strike.[91] Objections to all these procedures have been raised by animal rights groups, but farmers defend them by saying they solve many practical and veterinary problems, and inflict only temporary pain.[7][25]
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Artikel utama: domestik domba reproduksi


kedua kembar yang dilahirkan di Selandia Baru rumput
domba mengikuti strategi reproduksi yang sama untuk binatang kawanan lain. Sekelompok betina umumnya dikawinkan dengan jantan tunggal yang baik telah dipilih oleh peternak atau telah mendirikan dominasi melalui fisik kontes dengan RAM lainnya (dalam populasi liar).[25] kebanyakan domba yang musiman peternak, meskipun beberapa dapat berkembang biak sepanjang tahun.[25] betina biasanya mencapai kematangan seksual pada enam sampai delapan bulan usia, dan domba jantan umumnya di empat sampai enam bulan.[25] Namun, ada pengecualian. Sebagai contoh, domba-domba betina Finnsheep dapat mencapai pubertas sedini 3 sampai 4 bulan, dan betina Merino kadang-kadang mencapai pubertas 18 sampai 20 bulan.[73] betina memiliki siklus estrus tentang 17 setiap hari, [74] selama mereka memancarkan aroma dan menunjukkan kesiapan melalui fisik menampilkan terhadap domba jantan. Minoritas domba jantan menampilkan preferensi untuk homoseksualitas (8% rata-rata) [75] dan sejumlah kecil perempuan yang didampingi oleh laki-laki janin dalam rahim freemartins (hewan perempuan yang perilaku maskulin dan kurang indung telur berfungsi).[76][77][78][79]

di domba, domba jantan melawan selama kebiasaan untuk menentukan individu yang bisa kawin dengan betina. Domba jantan, yang terutama Asing, juga akan bertarung di luar periode berkembang biak untuk mendirikan dominasi; domba jantan dapat membunuh satu sama lain jika diizinkan tercampur.[25] selama kebiasaan, bahkan biasanya ramah rams mungkin menjadi agresif terhadap manusia karena peningkatan kadar hormon mereka.[7]

setelah kawin, domba memiliki periode gestasi selama sekitar lima bulan, [80] dan persalinan normal memakan waktu satu sampai tiga jam.[81] Meskipun beberapa keturunan secara teratur melempar besar tandu domba, sebagian besar menghasilkan domba single atau twin.[7][82] selama atau setelah persalinan, kambing dan domba mungkin terbatas kepada kecil khas kendi, [83] pena kecil yang dirancang untuk membantu kedua pengamatan yang cermat dari betina dan semen ikatan antara mereka dan domba-domba mereka.[16][25]


langkah pertama anak domba
Ovine kebidanan bisa menimbulkan masalah. Oleh selektif pembiakan betina yang menghasilkan beberapa keturunan dengan tinggi bobot kelahiran selama beberapa generasi, domba produsen telah secara tidak sengaja menyebabkan domba beberapa domestik memiliki kesulitan untuk beranak; menyeimbangkan kemudahan beranak dengan produktivitas yang tinggi adalah salah satu dilema domba yang berkembang biak.[84] untuk masalah tersebut, orang-orang yang hadir pada beranak dapat membantu domba betina penggalian atau reposisi domba.[25] setelah kelahiran, betina idealnya istirahat kantung ketuban (jika tidak rusak selama persalinan), dan mulai menjilati bersih anak domba.[25] kebanyakan domba akan mulai berdiri dalam waktu satu jam kelahiran.[25] dalam situasi normal, domba perawat setelah berdiri, menerima susu kolostrum penting. Domba-domba yang baik gagal perawat atau yang telah ditolak oleh domba betina memerlukan bantuan untuk hidup, seperti utensil atau membina oleh betina lain.[85]

setelah beberapa minggu tua anak domba, domba menandai (proses telinga penandaan, docking dan castrating) dilakukan.[25] vaksinasi biasanya dilakukan saat ini juga. Telinga tag dengan angka yang terpasang, atau tanda telinga diterapkan untuk kemudahan identifikasi kemudian domba. Pengebirian dilakukan pada anak-anak domba ram yang tidak dimaksudkan untuk berkembang biak, meskipun beberapa gembala yang memilih untuk menghindari prosedur untuk alasan etika, ekonomi atau praktis.[25] Namun, banyak akan tidak setuju dengan waktu. Docking dan pengebirian umumnya dilakukan setelah 24 jam (untuk menghindari gangguan dengan ikatan ibu dan konsumsi kolostrum) dan sering dilakukan selambat-lambatnya satu minggu setelah kelahiran, untuk meminimalkan nyeri, stres, waktu pemulihan dan komplikasi [86] [87] kursus pertama vaksinasi (umumnya anti-myonecrosis) biasanya diberikan pada usia sekitar 10 hingga 12 minggu; yaitu Ketika konsentrasi ibu antibodi secara pasif diperoleh melalui kolostrum diharapkan telah jatuh cukup rendah untuk memungkinkan pengembangan aktif kekebalan.[88][89][90] betina sering revaccinated setiap tahun sekitar 3 minggu menjelang beranak, untuk memberikan antibodi tinggi konsentrasi dalam kolostrum selama beberapa jam pertama setelah beranak.[40] Ram domba-domba itu akan baik dipotong atau dipisahkan dari betina sebelum kematangan seksual tidak biasanya dikebiri.[16] ekor docking umumnya dilakukan untuk kesejahteraan, telah ditunjukkan untuk mengurangi risiko serangan lalat.[91] keberatan untuk semua prosedur ini telah dibesarkan oleh kelompok-kelompok hak hewan, tapi petani membela mereka dengan mengatakan mereka memecahkan masalah praktis dan kedokteran hewan yang banyak, dan menimbulkan rasa sakit yang hanya sementara.[7][25]
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Reproduction
Main article: Domestic sheep reproduction


The second of twins being born on a New Zealand pasture
Sheep follow a similar reproductive strategy to other herd animals. A group of ewes is generally mated by a single ram, who has either been chosen by a breeder or has established dominance through physical contest with other rams (in feral populations).[25] Most sheep are seasonal breeders, although some are able to breed year-round.[25] Ewes generally reach sexual maturity at six to eight months of age, and rams generally at four to six months.[25] However, there are exceptions. For example, Finnsheep ewe lambs may reach puberty as early as 3 to 4 months, and Merino ewes sometimes reach puberty at 18 to 20 months.[73] Ewes have estrus cycles about every 17 days,[74] during which they emit a scent and indicate readiness through physical displays towards rams. A minority of rams display a preference for homosexuality (8% on average)[75] and a small number of the females that were accompanied by a male fetus in utero are freemartins (female animals that are behaviorally masculine and lack functioning ovaries).[76][77][78][79]

In feral sheep, rams may fight during the rut to determine which individuals may mate with ewes. Rams, especially unfamiliar ones, will also fight outside the breeding period to establish dominance; rams can kill one another if allowed to mix freely.[25] During the rut, even normally friendly rams may become aggressive towards humans due to increases in their hormone levels.[7]

After mating, sheep have a gestation period of about five months,[80] and normal labor takes one to three hours.[81] Although some breeds regularly throw larger litters of lambs, most produce single or twin lambs.[7][82] During or soon after labor, ewes and lambs may be confined to small lambing jugs,[83] small pens designed to aid both careful observation of ewes and to cement the bond between them and their lambs.[16][25]



A lamb's first steps
Ovine obstetrics can be problematic. By selectively breeding ewes that produce multiple offspring with higher birth weights for generations, sheep producers have inadvertently caused some domestic sheep to have difficulty lambing; balancing ease of lambing with high productivity is one of the dilemmas of sheep breeding.[84] In the case of any such problems, those present at lambing may assist the ewe by extracting or repositioning lambs.[25] After the birth, ewes ideally break the amniotic sac (if it is not broken during labor), and begin licking clean the lamb.[25] Most lambs will begin standing within an hour of birth.[25] In normal situations, lambs nurse after standing, receiving vital colostrum milk. Lambs that either fail to nurse or that are rejected by the ewe require aid to live, such as bottle-feeding or fostering by another ewe.[85]

After lambs are several weeks old, lamb marking (the process of ear tagging, docking, and castrating) is carried out.[25] Vaccinations are usually carried out at this point as well. Ear tags with numbers are attached, or ear marks are applied for ease of later identification of sheep. Castration is performed on ram lambs not intended for breeding, although some shepherds choose to avoid the procedure for ethical, economic or practical reasons.[25] However, many would disagree with regard to timing. Docking and castration are commonly done after 24 hours (to avoid interference with maternal bonding and consumption of colostrum) and are often done not later than one week after birth, to minimize pain, stress, recovery time and complications[86][87] The first course of vaccinations (commonly anti-clostridial) is commonly given at an age of about 10 to 12 weeks; i.e. when the concentration of maternal antibodies passively acquired via colostrum is expected to have fallen low enough to permit development of active immunity.[88][89][90] Ewes are often revaccinated annually about 3 weeks before lambing, to provide high antibody concentrations in colostrum during the first several hours after lambing.[40] Ram lambs that will either be slaughtered or separated from ewes before sexual maturity are not usually castrated.[16] Tail docking is commonly done for welfare, having been shown to reduce risk of fly strike.[91] Objections to all these procedures have been raised by animal rights groups, but farmers defend them by saying they solve many practical and veterinary problems, and inflict only temporary pain.[7][25]
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