different statements. The items mea

different statements. The items measured time-based and strain-based
work-family conflicts for measuring
the problems faced at start-up and at
the time of the interview, a list of 15
problems were provided and the
respondents were asked to check as
many as were applicable. Information
on reasons for starting a business and
success factors were measured using
open-ended questions. In each case,
the interviewees were asked to provide their top two answers.
Almost all of the research mentioned above was based on samples
drawn exclusively from the developed world. Given the differences in
cultural, economic and technological
environment between a developing
nation such as India and the developed world, it is likely that some of
the findings mentioned above may
not be applicable to the Indian
woman entrepreneur. For example,
the research in developed nations
indicates that most work-family conflict centres on the support (or lack of
it!) received from one’s spouse in
child care and household activities.
However, in several developing
nations (including India), women
have access to paid household help
and higher levels of family support
(due to the joint family system that is
prevalent). Also, besides their
parental and spousal roles, women in
these nations have several other roles
to play (e.g., daughter, sister, and inlaw) and these may also take up considerable amounts of their time and
effort. For example, Naik (1992)
found that Indian women managers
spent a considerable amount of their
time on these social role demands.
Results and Discussion
As can be seen from Table 1, the
majority of the women entrepreneurs
studied were operating their businesses as private limited companies
that were 100% owned by themselves. Only a third were partnerships- with the spouse (31%) or a
family member (44%) being the most
common partners. The women were
mostly young with nearly 70% being
under 44 years of age. Over 90% were
married with most being married
over 10 years. They were fairly well
educated with over 50% holding a
university degree. Very few (34%)
had previous experience of any type
before they started their own business. Most of the women were in
manufacturing sector with most
being involved in the manufactur-

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

pernyataan yang berbeda. Item diukur berbasis waktu dan berbasis keteganganKonflik keluarga bekerja untuk mengukurmasalah yang dihadapi di awal dan diwaktu wawancara, daftar 15masalah disediakan danresponden diminta untuk memeriksa sebagaibanyak seperti yang berlaku. Informasipada alasan untuk memulai bisnis danfaktor-faktor keberhasilan diukur menggunakanpertanyaan-pertanyaan terbuka. Dalam setiap kasus,yang diwawancarai diminta untuk memberikan jawaban atas dua.Hampir semua penelitian yang disebutkan di atas didasarkan pada sampeldiambil secara eksklusif dari negara maju. Mengingat perbedaanbudaya, ekonomi dan teknologilingkungan antara berkembangnegara seperti India dan negara maju, sangat mungkin bahwa beberapa daritemuan-temuan yang disebutkan di atas dapattidak akan dikenakan biaya untuk Indiaperempuan pengusaha. Misalnya,penelitian di negara majumenunjukkan bahwa paling kerja-keluarga konflik yang berpusat pada dukungan (atau kurangnyaitu!) menerima dari salah satu pasangan dikegiatan anak perawatan dan rumah tangga.Namun, dalam mengembangkan beberapabangsa-bangsa (termasuk India), wanitamemiliki akses untuk membantu rumah tangga yang dibayardan tingkat yang lebih tinggi dukungan keluarga(karena sistem keluarga bersama yanglazim). Juga, selain merekaperan orangtua dan suami-istri, perempuan dalamnegara ini memiliki beberapa peran lainuntuk bermain (misalnya, putri, adik, dan inlaw) dan ini mungkin juga mengambil sejumlah besar waktu mereka danusaha. Sebagai contoh, Naik (1992)ditemukan bahwa perempuan India Manajermenghabiskan sejumlah besar merekawaktu pada tuntutan-tuntutan peran sosial ini.Hasil dan diskusiSeperti dapat dilihat dari tabel 1,mayoritas perempuan pengusahabelajar beroperasi bisnis mereka sebagai perusahaan terbatas swastaitu 100% dimiliki oleh diri mereka sendiri. Hanya sepertiga kemitraan-dengan pasangan (31%) atauanggota keluarga (44%) yang palingmitra umum. Kaum wanitasebagian besar masih muda dengan hampir 70% menjadidi bawah usia 44 tahun. Lebih dari 90% adalahmenikah dengan sebagian menikahlebih dari 10 tahun. Mereka adalah cukup baikpendidikan dengan lebih dari 50% memeganggelar universitas. Sangat sedikit (34%)memiliki pengalaman sebelumnya jenis apapunsebelum mereka memulai bisnis mereka sendiri. Sebagian besar wanita berada disektor manufaktur dengan sebagianterlibat dalam Pro-