While its essence remains, the HECS

While its essence remains, the HECS arrangements changed significantly
in 1997, in three respects: all the charges increased significantly, by about
40 per cent on average; differential charges were introduced according to
course, with the new charges essentially reflecting cost differences; the
income thresholds for repayment were reduced significantly.
While many other countries introduced income-contingent loans (ICLs)
after the beginning of the 1990s, the Australian system remains the most
studied. Several broad conclusions can be drawn from research completed
thus far. First, HECS has turned out to be very inexpensive in administrative
terms (Chapman and Ryan, 2002). That is, while around $A800mn (at
current prices) is currently collected per annum, it costs less than 3 per cent
of this to administer the programme. This low cost is traceable to the fact
that students’ debts, and their collection, were fairly straightforward given
the mechanisms of the Australian Taxation Office – a point emphasized in
ensuing discussion of other countries’ administrative arrangements.
Second, HECS has delivered considerable revenue, of the order of
$A6bn in current dollars over the 13 years since its introduction. It is projected
that the system will provide around $A1.2bn per year in current
dollars by 2005, which will be about 20 per cent or more of annual recurrent
costs.
A third factor is that there have apparently been no consequences for the
accessibility to higher education for students from relatively disadvantaged
backgrounds. Broadly speaking, the socioeconomic make-up of the higher
education student body was about the same in the late 1990s as it was before
HECS was introduced.Finally, higher education enrolments in Australia
have increased considerably, by around 50 per cent, since the introduction
of HECS. This has happened for two reasons: there were no obvious overall

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Sementara masih esensinya, pengaturan HECS berubah secara signifikanpada tahun 1997, dalam tiga hal: semua biaya meningkat secara signifikan, tentang40 persen rata-rata; diferensial tuduhan diperkenalkan menurutTentu saja, dengan tuduhan baru pada dasarnya mencerminkan biaya perbedaan; Theambang penghasilan untuk pembayaran berkurang secara signifikan.Sementara banyak negara lain diperkenalkan pendapatan-kontingen pinjaman (survei)Setelah awal 1990-an, sistem Australia tetap yang palingbelajar. Beberapa kesimpulan yang luas dapat ditarik dari penelitian selesaisejauh ini. Pertama, HECS telah berubah menjadi sangat murah di administrasipersyaratan (Chapman dan Ryan, 2002). Itu adalah, sementara di sekitar $A800mn (diharga saat ini) saat ini dikumpulkan per tahun, biaya kurang dari 3 persenini untuk mengelola program. Ini biaya rendah dilacak faktasiswa yang utang, dan koleksi mereka, itu cukup mudah mengingatmekanisme Australian Taxation Office – titik ditekankan dalamdiskusi berikutnya dari pengaturan administrasi negara-negara lain.Kedua, HECS telah melahirkan cukup pendapatan, dari the rangka$A6bn di saat ini dolar selama 13 tahun sejak diperkenalkan. Hal ini diproyeksikanbahwa sistem akan memberikan di sekitar $A1.2bn per tahun pada saat inidolar tahun 2005, yang akan menjadi sekitar 20 persen atau lebih dari tahunan berulangbiaya.Faktor ketiga adalah bahwa tampaknya telah ada konsekuensi bagiakses ke pendidikan tinggi bagi siswa dari relatif kurang beruntunglatar belakang. Secara umum, make-up sosial ekonomi lebih tinggitubuh siswa pendidikan adalah tentang yang sama di akhir 1990-an seperti sebelumnyaHECS diperkenalkan. Akhirnya, pendidikan tinggi negara di Australiatelah meningkat pesat, dengan sekitar 50 persen, sejak diperkenalkannyadari HECS. Hal ini terjadi karena dua alasan: ada keseluruhan tidak jelas