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The Philosophical Myth of CreationI

The Philosophical Myth of Creation

In the Timaeus, Plato put the question:

Do all those things which we call self-existent exist? Or are only those things which we see, or in some way perceive through the bodily organs, truly existent, and nothing whatever besides them? And is all that which we call an intelligible essence nothing at all, and only a name?2

For Plato explicitly formulated one of the most important dilemmas of phi- losophy: essentialism—essences exist and knowledge of them is possible, vs. nominalism—any kind of general knowledge, distinct from that which is perceived by the senses, is nothing more than words (names). The debate between those two views—in various forms—appears on nearly every page of the history of philoso- phy. In the Middle Ages, it took the form of the famous debate about universals (whether there exists something which corresponds to general concepts); in our times it has made itself known in the radical statements of the neo-positivists (nominalism) and the later reaction to them (not necessarily in the form of essential- ism). Essentialism usually opens the road to metaphysics, nominalism is very often associated with extreme empiricism.
Platonic essentialism has two aspects:

1. The Metaphysical Aspect: the world of ideas exists (is), but it never becomes, while the world accessible to the senses becomes, but never is.3 The following text from the Timaeus provides a commentary on that formulation:

Wherefore also we must acknowledge that there is one kind of being which is always the same, uncreated and indestructible, never receiving anything into itself from without, nor itself going out to any other, but invisible and imperceptible by any sense, and of which the contemplation is granted to intelligence only. And there is another nature of the same name with it,4 and like to it, perceived by sense, created, always in motion, becoming in place and again vanishing out of place, which is apprehended by opinion and sense.5

2. The Epistemological Aspect, which was already hinted at in the quotations above—knowledge about ideas is certain, knowledge about things accessible to the senses—only probable.

The one is always accompanied by true reason, the other is without reason; the one cannot be overcome by persuasion, but the other can: and lastly, every man may be said to share in true opinion, but mind is the attribute of the gods and of very few men.6

The necessity of existence and the certainty of knowledge—these are the attributes of the world of ideas; contingency and probability—these are the traits


2 Plato, Timaeus 51c, trans. Benjamin Jowett, in Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, eds. The
Collected Dialogues of Plato (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961).
3 See ibid., 28a.
4 This is about things which have the names of their ideas.
5 Ibid., 51e–52a.
6 Ibid., 51e.
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The Philosophical Myth of CreationIn the Timaeus, Plato put the question:Do all those things which we call self-existent exist? Or are only those things which we see, or in some way perceive through the bodily organs, truly existent, and nothing whatever besides them? And is all that which we call an intelligible essence nothing at all, and only a name?2For Plato explicitly formulated one of the most important dilemmas of phi- losophy: essentialism—essences exist and knowledge of them is possible, vs. nominalism—any kind of general knowledge, distinct from that which is perceived by the senses, is nothing more than words (names). The debate between those two views—in various forms—appears on nearly every page of the history of philoso- phy. In the Middle Ages, it took the form of the famous debate about universals (whether there exists something which corresponds to general concepts); in our times it has made itself known in the radical statements of the neo-positivists (nominalism) and the later reaction to them (not necessarily in the form of essential- ism). Essentialism usually opens the road to metaphysics, nominalism is very often associated with extreme empiricism.Platonic essentialism has two aspects:1. The Metaphysical Aspect: the world of ideas exists (is), but it never becomes, while the world accessible to the senses becomes, but never is.3 The following text from the Timaeus provides a commentary on that formulation:Wherefore also we must acknowledge that there is one kind of being which is always the same, uncreated and indestructible, never receiving anything into itself from without, nor itself going out to any other, but invisible and imperceptible by any sense, and of which the contemplation is granted to intelligence only. And there is another nature of the same name with it,4 and like to it, perceived by sense, created, always in motion, becoming in place and again vanishing out of place, which is apprehended by opinion and sense.52. The Epistemological Aspect, which was already hinted at in the quotations above—knowledge about ideas is certain, knowledge about things accessible to the senses—only probable.The one is always accompanied by true reason, the other is without reason; the one cannot be overcome by persuasion, but the other can: and lastly, every man may be said to share in true opinion, but mind is the attribute of the gods and of very few men.6The necessity of existence and the certainty of knowledge—these are the attributes of the world of ideas; contingency and probability—these are the traits2 Plato, Timaeus 51c, trans. Benjamin Jowett, in Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, eds. TheCollected Dialogues of Plato (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961).3 See ibid., 28a.4 This is about things which have the names of their ideas.5 Ibid., 51e–52a.6 Ibid., 51e.
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The Philosophical Mitos Penciptaan

Dalam Timaeus, Plato mengajukan pertanyaan:

Apakah semua hal-hal yang kita sebut diri ada eksis? Atau hanya hal-hal yang kita lihat, atau dalam beberapa cara rasakan melalui organ-organ tubuh, benar-benar ada, dan tidak ada apa pun selain mereka? Dan semua yang kita sebut esensi tidak dimengerti sama sekali, dan hanya nama 2?

Untuk Plato secara eksplisit dirumuskan salah satu dilema yang paling penting dari losophy Filipi: esensialisme-esens ada dan pengetahuan mereka mungkin, vs nominalism- segala jenis pengetahuan umum, berbeda dari apa yang dirasakan oleh indera, tidak lebih dari kata-kata (nama). Perdebatan antara kedua pandangan-dalam berbagai bentuk-muncul di hampir setiap halaman sejarah dengan falsafah. Pada Abad Pertengahan, itu mengambil bentuk perdebatan terkenal tentang universal (apakah ada sesuatu yang sesuai dengan konsep-konsep umum); di masa kita itu telah membuat dirinya dikenal dalam laporan radikal dari neo-positivis (nominalisme) dan kemudian reaksi mereka (tidak harus dalam bentuk isme penting-). Esensialisme biasanya membuka jalan untuk metafisika, nominalisme sangat sering dikaitkan dengan empirisme ekstrim.
Esensialisme platonis memiliki dua aspek:

1. Metafisika Aspek: dunia ide ada (adalah), tapi itu tidak pernah menjadi, sedangkan dunia dapat diakses oleh indra menjadi, tetapi tidak pernah is.3 Teks berikut dari Timaeus memberikan komentar pada formulasi yang:

oleh karena itu juga kita harus mengakui bahwa ada satu jenis makhluk yang selalu sama, tidak diciptakan dan tidak bisa dihancurkan, tidak pernah menerima apa pun ke dalam dirinya dari luar, atau sendiri pergi ke yang lain, tapi tak terlihat dan tak terlihat oleh akal, dan yang kontemplasi yang diberikan kepada intelijen saja. Dan ada sifat lain dengan nama yang sama dengan itu, 4 dan seperti itu, dirasakan oleh akal, dibuat, selalu bergerak, menjadi di tempat dan lagi menghilang dari tempat, yang ditangkap oleh opini dan sense.5

2. Aspek epistemologis, yang sudah diisyaratkan dalam kutipan di atas-pengetahuan tentang ide-ide yang pasti, pengetahuan tentang hal-hal diakses indra-satunya kemungkinan.

Salah satu yang selalu disertai dengan alasan yang benar, yang lain adalah tanpa alasan; salah satu tidak bisa diatasi dengan persuasi, tapi yang lain dapat: dan terakhir, setiap orang dapat dikatakan berbagi pendapat yang benar, tetapi pikiran adalah atribut dari dewa-dewa dan sangat sedikit men.6

Perlunya keberadaan dan kepastian pengetahuan ini adalah atribut dari dunia ide; kontingensi dan probabilitas-ini merupakan ciri-ciri


2 Plato, Timaeus 51c, trans. Benjamin Jowett, di Edith Hamilton dan Huntington Cairns, eds. The
Dialogues Dikumpulkan dari Plato (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961).
3 Lihat ibid., 28a.
4 ini adalah tentang hal-hal yang memiliki nama-nama ide-ide mereka.
5 Ibid., 51E-52a.
6 Ibid., 51E.
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