Theoccurrenceandseverityofvessel-st

Theoccurrenceandseverityofvessel-strikethreattowhale
populationsinanumberofregionsaroundtheworldhasmade
strikethreatanemergingconservationissue,particularlyinthose
places whereextensivevesseltrafficandwhalesco-occur.Asmari-
timeactivitiesandassociatedvesseltrafficincrease,andassome
whalepopulationsincrease,therateoflethalvessel-strikesisalso
likely toincrease.Variouswhale-conservationinitiativeshavebeen
designed toreducethethreatincludingvesselroutingchanges
[14–17] andmandatory [18–20] orrecommended [14,15] vessel-
speedrestrictions.Manyofthesechangeswereinstitutedbycoastal
statesfollowingtheirconsiderationandsubsequentadoptionby
theInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO).
As aspecializedagencyoftheUnitedNations,theIMOisthe
recognizedauthorityforinternationalmaritimeshippinginterests
andthesafetyofnavigationatsea.Thus,involvementbythe
IMOisessentialforensuringinternationallycoherentsolutionsto
variousmaritimeproblems,includingthreatsfromvesseltrafficto
highlymobileandtrans-boundaryanimalssuchaswhales,within
andbeyondregionsofnationaljurisdiction.Inthispaperweare
typicallyreferringtoregionswithintheExclusiveEconomicZone
of agivennation.
Notallresearchandresourcemanagementagenciesandper-
sonnelengagedinmarineconservationarewell-versedinthe
processesinvolvedinapproachingtheIMOtosecuretheadoption
of marineconservation-orientedproposalsrelevanttoshipping.
Eachofushasbeencloselyinvolvedindevelopingproposalstothe
IMO,andwehavedirectexperienceinimplementingandanalyz-
ingtheadoptedmeasuresdescribedherein.Thus,ourfirstgoal
hereistosummarizetheroleandfunctionoftheIMOandits
processofreceiving,reviewing,andadoptingproposedchanges
in vesselnavigationthatarerelatedtoconservationissues.Such
proposalsaremadebyaMemberStateoftheIMO,andifadopted,
thehostnationsubsequentlyimplementsthechangedomestically
(Sections1.1,1.2, belowand AppendixA). Oursecondgoalisto
detailthevesselstrikeproblemthroughadescriptionofspecific
changestonavigationpracticesthatwereadoptedbytheIMO —
changesthatweredesignedspecificallytoreducelethalvessel
strikestolargewhales.Worldwidethereareonly10suchcases
(1.3,1.4,2,belowand Table1). Wedosotohelpensureothersare
appropriatelyinformedandpreparedpriortopresentingavessel
relatedconservationalproposaltotheIMO.Wedetailvarious
vessel-navigationmodificationsofthethenexistingpracticesthat
wereadoptedbytheIMOandsubsequentlyimplementedbythe
hostnation.Ineachcase,thegoalwastoreducetheprobabilityof
lethalvesselstrikestolargewhaleswithoutcompromisingnaviga-
tionalsafetyatsea.Wealsoreviewthetimelinesandprocesses
relatedtosecuringanIMOadoptionofanavigationalmodification.
Finally,wedescribesomemethodsthatcanbeusedtoassessthe
effectivenessofsuchmodifications(3,below).

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Theoccurrenceandseverityofvessel-strikethreattowhalepopulationsinanumberofregionsaroundtheworldhasmadestrikethreatanemergingconservationissue, particularlyinthosetempat whereextensivevesseltrafficandwhalesco-terjadi.Asmari-timeactivitiesandassociatedvesseltrafficincrease, andassomewhalepopulationsincrease, therateoflethalvessel-strikesisalsomungkin toincrease.Variouswhale-conservationinitiativeshavebeendirancang toreducethethreatincludingvesselroutingchanges[14-17] andmandatory [18 – 20] orrecommended [14,15] kapal-speedrestrictions.ManyofthesechangeswereinstitutedbycoastalstatesfollowingtheirconsiderationandsubsequentadoptionbytheInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO).Sebagai aspecializedagencyoftheUnitedNations, theIMOistherecognizedauthorityforinternationalmaritimeshippinginterestsandthesafetyofnavigationatsea.Dengan demikian, involvementbytheIMOisessentialforensuringinternationallycoherentsolutionstovariousmaritimeproblems, includingthreatsfromvesseltraffictohighlymobileandtrans-boundaryanimalssuchaswhales, dalamandbeyondregionsofnationaljurisdiction.InthispaperwearetypicallyreferringtoregionswithintheExclusiveEconomicZonedari agivennation.Notallresearchandresourcemanagementagenciesandper-sonnelengagedinmarineconservationarewell-versedintheprocessesinvolvedinapproachingtheIMOtosecuretheadoptiondari marineconservation-orientedproposalsrelevanttoshipping.EachofushasbeencloselyinvolvedindevelopingproposalstotheIMO, andwehavedirectexperienceinimplementingandanalyz-ingtheadoptedmeasuresdescribedherein.Dengan demikian, ourfirstgoalhereistosummarizetheroleandfunctionoftheIMOanditsprocessofreceiving, meninjau, andadoptingproposedchangesdi vesselnavigationthatarerelatedtoconservationissues.SepertiproposalsaremadebyaMemberStateoftheIMO, andifadopted,thehostnationsubsequentlyimplementsthechangedomestically(Sections1.1, 1.2, belowand AppendixA). OursecondgoalistodetailthevesselstrikeproblemthroughadescriptionofspecificchangestonavigationpracticesthatwereadoptedbytheIMO-changesthatweredesignedspecificallytoreducelethalvesselstrikestolargewhales.Worldwidethereareonly10suchcases(1.3,1.4,2,belowand Table1). WedosotohelpensureothersareappropriatelyinformedandpreparedpriortopresentingavesselrelatedconservationalproposaltotheIMO.Wedetailvariouskapal-navigationmodificationsofthethenexistingpracticesthatwereadoptedbytheIMOandsubsequentlyimplementedbythehostnation.Ineachcase, thegoalwastoreducetheprobabilityoflethalvesselstrikestolargewhaleswithoutcompromisingnaviga-tionalsafetyatsea.WealsoreviewthetimelinesandprocessesrelatedtosecuringanIMOadoptionofanavigationalmodification.Akhirnya, wedescribesomemethodsthatcanbeusedtoassesstheeffectivenessofsuchmodifications(3,below).

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

toincrease.Variouswhale-conservationinitiativeshavebeen dirancang toreducethethreatincludingvesselroutingchanges [14-17] andmandatory [18-20] orrecommended [14,15] belowand AppendixA). Table1).