The conservatism of the early English colonists in North America, thei terjemahan - The conservatism of the early English colonists in North America, thei Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The conservatism of the early Engli

The conservatism of the early English colonists in North America, their strong
attachment to the English way of doing things, would play a major part in the furniture
that was made in New England. The very tools that the first New England furniture
makers used were, after all, not much different from those used for centuries – even
millennia: basic hammers, saws, chisels, planes, augers, compasses, and measures.
These were the tools used more or less by all people who worked with wood:
carpenters, barrel makers, and shipwrights. At most the furniture makers might have
had planes with special edges or more delicate chisels, but there could not have been
much specialization in the early years of the colonies.
The furniture makers in those early decades of the 1600’s were known as “joiners,”
for the primary method of constructing furniture, at least among the English of this
time, was that of mortise-and-tenon joinery. The mortise is the hole chiseled and cut
into one piece of wood, while the tenon is the tongue or protruding element shaped
from another piece of wood so that it fits into the mortise; and another small hole is
then drilled (with the auger) through the mortised end and the tenon so that a whittled
peg can secure the joint – thus the term “joiner.” Panels were fitted into slots on the
basic frames. This kind of construction was used for making everything from houses to
chests.
Relatively little hardware was used during this period. Some nails – forged by
hand – were used, but no screws or glue. Hinges were often made of leather, but metal
hinges were also used. The cruder varieties were made by blacksmiths in the colonies,
but the finer metal elements were imported. Locks and escutcheon plates – the latter to
shield the wood from the metal key – would often be imported.
Above all, what the early English colonists imported was their knowledge of,
familiarity with, and dedication to the traditional types and designs of furniture they
knew in England.
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The conservatism of the early English colonists in North America, their strongattachment to the English way of doing things, would play a major part in the furniturethat was made in New England. The very tools that the first New England furnituremakers used were, after all, not much different from those used for centuries – evenmillennia: basic hammers, saws, chisels, planes, augers, compasses, and measures.These were the tools used more or less by all people who worked with wood:carpenters, barrel makers, and shipwrights. At most the furniture makers might havehad planes with special edges or more delicate chisels, but there could not have beenmuch specialization in the early years of the colonies.The furniture makers in those early decades of the 1600’s were known as “joiners,”for the primary method of constructing furniture, at least among the English of thistime, was that of mortise-and-tenon joinery. The mortise is the hole chiseled and cutinto one piece of wood, while the tenon is the tongue or protruding element shapedfrom another piece of wood so that it fits into the mortise; and another small hole isthen drilled (with the auger) through the mortised end and the tenon so that a whittledpeg can secure the joint – thus the term “joiner.” Panels were fitted into slots on thebasic frames. This kind of construction was used for making everything from houses tochests.Relatively little hardware was used during this period. Some nails – forged byhand – were used, but no screws or glue. Hinges were often made of leather, but metalhinges were also used. The cruder varieties were made by blacksmiths in the colonies,but the finer metal elements were imported. Locks and escutcheon plates – the latter toshield the wood from the metal key – would often be imported.Above all, what the early English colonists imported was their knowledge of,familiarity with, and dedication to the traditional types and designs of furniture theyknew in England.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Konservatisme koloni Inggris awal di Amerika Utara, mereka kuat
lampiran dengan cara bahasa Inggris dalam melakukan sesuatu, akan memainkan peranan utama dalam furniture
yang dibuat di New England. Sangat alat yang New England furnitur pertama
pembuat yang digunakan adalah, setelah semua, tidak jauh berbeda dari yang digunakan selama berabad-abad - bahkan
ribuan tahun. palu dasar, gergaji, pahat, pesawat, augers, kompas, dan langkah-langkah
yang ini alat yang digunakan lebih atau kurang oleh semua orang yang bekerja dengan kayu:
tukang kayu, pembuat barel, dan shipwrights. Pada sebagian besar pembuat mebel mungkin
memiliki pesawat dengan tepi khusus atau pahat lebih halus, tapi ada tidak mungkin
banyak spesialisasi di tahun-tahun awal koloni.
Para pembuat furnitur pada mereka awal dekade 1600-an dikenal sebagai "joiner,"
untuk metode utama membangun furnitur, setidaknya di antara bahasa Inggris ini
waktu, adalah bahwa dari tanggam-dan-duri bengkel tukang kayu. Tanggam adalah lubang dipahat dan dipotong
menjadi satu bagian dari kayu, sedangkan duri adalah lidah atau menonjol elemen berbentuk
dari sepotong kayu sehingga cocok menjadi tanggam; dan lubang kecil lain
kemudian dibor (dengan bor) sampai dengan akhir mortised dan duri sehingga yang dipangkas
pasak dapat mengamankan sendi - ". joiner" demikian istilah Panel yang dipasang ke slot pada
frame dasar. Jenis konstruksi digunakan untuk membuat segalanya dari rumah ke
dada.
Relatif sedikit hardware yang digunakan selama periode ini. Beberapa kuku - ditempa oleh
tangan - yang digunakan, tapi tidak ada sekrup atau lem. Engsel sering terbuat dari kulit, tetapi logam
engsel juga digunakan. Varietas yang lebih kasar dibuat oleh pandai besi di koloni,
namun unsur logam halus yang diimpor. Kunci dan pelat nama baik - yang terakhir untuk
melindungi kayu dari kunci logam -. akan sering diimpor
Di atas semua, apa koloni Inggris awal yang diimpor adalah pengetahuan mereka tentang,
keakraban dengan, dan dedikasi untuk jenis tradisional dan desain furnitur yang mereka
tahu di Inggris.
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