2.4 SpatialPointsThe SpatialPoints class is the first subclass of Spat terjemahan - 2.4 SpatialPointsThe SpatialPoints class is the first subclass of Spat Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

2.4 SpatialPointsThe SpatialPoints

2.4 SpatialPoints
The SpatialPoints class is the first subclass of Spatial, and a very important
one. The extension of SpatialPoints to other subclasses means that explaining
how this class works will yield benefits later on. In this section, we also look
at methods for Spatial* objects, and at extending Spatial* objects to include
attribute data, where each spatial entity, here a point, is linked to a row in
a data frame. We take Spatial* objects to be subclasses of Spatial, and the
best place to start is with SpatialPoints.
A two-dimensional point can be described by a pair of numbers (x, y),
defined over a known region. To represent geographical phenomena, the maximum
known region is the earth, and the pair of numbers measured in degrees
are a geographical coordinate, showing where our point is on the globe. The
pair of numbers define the location on the sphere exactly, but if we represent
the globe more accurately by an ellipsoid model, such as the World Geodetic
System 1984 – introduced after satellite measurements corrected our understanding
of the shape of the earth – that position shifts slightly. Geographical
coordinates can extend from latitude 90◦ to −90◦ in the north–south direction,
and from longitude 0◦ to 360◦ or equivalently from −180◦ to 180◦ in the
east–west direction. The Poles are fixed, but where the longitudes fall depends
on the choice of prime meridian, most often Greenwich just east of London.
This means that geographical coordinates define a point on the earth’s surface
unequivocally if we also know which ellipsoid model and prime meridian were
used; the concept of datum, relating the ellipsoid to the distance from the
centre of the earth, is introduced on p. 82.
Using the standard read.table function, we read in a data file with the
positions of CRAN mirrors across the world. We extract the two columns with
the longitude and latitude values into a matrix, and use str to view a digest:
> CRAN_df CRAN_mat row.names(CRAN_mat) str(CRAN_mat)
num [1:54, 1:2] 153 145 ...
- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
..$ :chr [1:54] "1" "2" ...
..$ :NULL
The SpatialPoints class extends the Spatial class by adding a coords slot,
into which a matrix of point coordinates can be inserted.
> getClass("SpatialPoints")
Slots:
Name: coords bbox proj4string
Class: matrix matrix CRS
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
2.4 SpatialPointsKelas SpatialPoints adalah subclass pertama dari Spatial, dan sangat pentingsatu. Perpanjangan SpatialPoints untuk subclass lain berarti menerangkan bahwaBagaimana bekerja kelas ini akan menghasilkan manfaat nanti. Dalam bagian ini, kita juga melihatmetode untuk Spatial * objek, dan memperpanjang Spatial * objek untuk memasukkanatribut data, di mana setiap entitas spasial, sini titik, terhubung ke baris dalambingkai data. Kami mengambil Spatial * objek yang akan subclass dari tata ruang, dantempat terbaik untuk memulai adalah dengan SpatialPoints.Titik dua dimensi dapat digambarkan oleh sepasang nomor (x, y)didefinisikan atas suatu daerah yang dikenal. Untuk mewakili fenomena geografis, maksimumdaerah terkenal ini bumi, dan sepasang nomor diukur dalam derajatadalah koordinat geografis, menunjukkan di mana titik kita di dunia. Thesepasang nomor menentukan lokasi di bidang persis, tetapi jika kita mewakiliseluruh dunia lebih akurat dengan model ellipsoid, seperti Geodesi DuniaSistem 1984 – diperkenalkan setelah pengukuran satelit dikoreksi pemahaman kitabentuk bumi yang posisi pergeseran sedikit. GeografisKoordinat dapat memperpanjang dari latitude 90◦ untuk −90◦ ke arah Utara – Selatan,dan dari bujur 0◦ untuk 360◦ atau ekuivalen dari −180◦ ke 180◦ diArah Timur-Barat. Kutub tetap, tetapi mana garis bujur jatuh tergantungpada pilihan dari meridian utama, paling sering Greenwich Timur London.Ini berarti bahwa Koordinat geografis menentukan titik di permukaan bumitegas jika kita juga tahu mana ellipsoid model dan meridian utamadigunakan; konsep datum, berkaitan dengan jarak dari ellipsoidPusat bumi, diperkenalkan pada halaman 82.Menggunakan fungsi standar read.table, kita baca dalam file data denganposisi CRAN cermin di seluruh dunia. Kita ekstrak dua kolom dengannilai-nilai bujur dan lintang ke dalam matriks, dan menggunakan str untuk melihat mencerna:> CRAN_df <-read.table ("CRAN051001a.txt", header = TRUE)> CRAN_mat <-cbind ($CRAN_df panjang, CRAN_df$ lat)> row.names(CRAN_mat) <-1:nrow(CRAN_mat)> str(CRAN_mat)num [1:54, 1:2] 153 145...-attr (*, "dimnames") = Daftar 2..$: chr [1:54] "1" "2".....$: NULLKelas SpatialPoints meluas spasial kelas dengan menambahkan sebuah slot coords,ke dalam matriks titik koordinat dapat dimasukkan.> getClass("SpatialPoints")Slot:Nama: coords bbox proj4stringKelas: matriks matriks CRS
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