Small pelagic fish species such as

Small pelagic fish species such as sardine, mackerel and horse
mackerel are a major source of fish oil presenting a high content
of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including EPA
(C20:5n-3) and DHA (C22:6n-3) (Shahidi, 2006). In the last decades, these omega-3 PUFAs have received much attention in the
scientific and industrial communities because of their benefits on
human health, such as prevention of cardiovascular disease (Lees
and Karel, 1990), improvement of the anti-inflammatory response
(Uauy and Valenzuela, 2000) and development of brain and eye
retina in infants (Ward and Singh, 2005).
Crude fish oil, which is generally obtained by the wet pressing
method (FAO, 1986), contains non-triglycerides, such as phospholipids, free fatty acids, oxidation products, pigments and insoluble
impurities that reduce the oil quality (Huang and Sathivel, 2010).
Thus, in order to meet the standards safety and an acceptable shelf
life, this oil requires a refining treatment.
The conventional fish oil-refining steps include:degumming(removal of phospholipids by the addition of phosphoric or citric
acid), neutralizationof free fatty acids with sodium hydroxide,
bleachingwith activated clays which adsorb oxidation products
and pigments, anddeodorizationby vacuum distillation of volatiles
compounds such as aldehydes and ketones (Rubio-Rodrígez et al.,
2010).

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Spesies ikan pelagis kecil seperti sarden, mackerel, dan kudaMakarel adalah sumber utama dari minyak ikan yang menyajikan kandungan yang tinggidari omega-3 tak jenuh ganda lemak Omega, termasuk EPA(C20:5n-3) dan DHA (C22:6n-3) (Shahidi, 2006). Dalam dekade terakhir, ini omega-3 PUFAs telah menerima banyak perhatian dalamkomunitas ilmiah dan industri karena mereka manfaat padamanusia Kesehatan, seperti pencegahan penyakit kardiovaskular (Leesdan Karel, 1990), peningkatan respon anti-inflamasi(Uauy dan Valenzuela, 2000) dan perkembangan otak dan mataRetina pada bayi (Ward dan Singh, 2005).Minyak ikan mentah, yang umumnya diperoleh dengan menekan basahmetode (FAO, 1986), berisi bebas-trigliserida, seperti fosfolipid, asam lemak bebas, oksidasi produk, pigmen dan tidak larutkotoran yang mengurangi kualitas minyak (Huang dan Sathivel, 2010).Dengan demikian, dalam rangka untuk memenuhi standar keselamatan dan rak dapat diterimakehidupan, minyak ini memerlukan pengobatan penyulingan.Ikan konvensional penyulingan minyak langkah termasuk: degumming (penghapusan fosfolipid dengan penambahan fosfat atau sitratasam), neutralizationof asam lemak bebas dengan natrium hidroksida,bleachingwith diaktifkan tanah liat yang Kekurangpekaan oksidasi produkdan pigmen, anddeodorizationby penyulingan vakum volatilsenyawa seperti Aldehida dan keton (Rubio-Rodrígez et al.,2010).