There has been a domestic market obligation (DMO) for low-calorie coal terjemahan - There has been a domestic market obligation (DMO) for low-calorie coal Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

There has been a domestic market ob

There has been a domestic market obligation (DMO) for low-calorie coal producers. They have to sell about 20 percent (the amount varies by year) of their output to local users – mainly PLN – at a price well below their export price. The effect of this is roughly equivalent to a 10 percent sales tax. This DMO has reportedly led to abuses, where payments are made to avoid selling coal locally. In 2011, an alternative approach was proposed whereby exports of low-calorie coal would be prohibited. This would ban coal exports of roughly 130 million tons a year. At recent prices of $90 a ton, such a restriction would reduce export receipts by nearly $12 billion. The presumption is that by reducing the water content of coal and other treatments, low-calorie coal would be upgraded and sold for a higher price. There is also the possibility of an export tax being levied on coal exporters. This would reduce the domestic price by the amount of the tax and accomplish the goal of providing cheap coal to domestic users, particularly PLN.
It generally costs $35 to $45 a ton to produce coal and the selling price has recently been $90 to $100. A high export tax would reduce the profitability of investing in coal mine expansion. If the goal is to slow the rate of exploitation of reserves, reduce exports, and direct production to domestic use, the export tax is appropriate. A lower tax would reduce the disincentives but also result in a higher domestic coal price if the DMO were abandoned. Foreign investment in coal mining is already subdued due to the requirement that within ten years from the start of production, half of the shares of the mine or mining company must be held by Indonesians. Adding domestic processing and export taxes to the existing rules will further reduce the incentives for foreign investment in coal mining.
Nuclear Energy: Indonesia has no nuclear power plants operating, but a 2006 Presidential Decree stated that 5 percent of electricity should come from nuclear power and renewable energy sources by 2025. The 2004 Asian tsunami and 2011 Fukushima reactor meltdowns have raised doubts. Critics point out that much of Indonesia is geologically active with volcanoes and earthquakes. Moreover, the place where nuclear energy makes economic sense – Java – is densely populated. One proposal is to build 22,000 MW of nuclear power on one of the lightly populated and geographically stable islands of Bangka-Belitung between Java and Sumatra. Moving the electricity to Java would be costly, as it would require large capacity underwater transmission lines. To this point, there have only been preliminary explorations of this proposal.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
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There has been a domestic market obligation (DMO) for low-calorie coal producers. They have to sell about 20 percent (the amount varies by year) of their output to local users – mainly PLN – at a price well below their export price. The effect of this is roughly equivalent to a 10 percent sales tax. This DMO has reportedly led to abuses, where payments are made to avoid selling coal locally. In 2011, an alternative approach was proposed whereby exports of low-calorie coal would be prohibited. This would ban coal exports of roughly 130 million tons a year. At recent prices of $90 a ton, such a restriction would reduce export receipts by nearly $12 billion. The presumption is that by reducing the water content of coal and other treatments, low-calorie coal would be upgraded and sold for a higher price. There is also the possibility of an export tax being levied on coal exporters. This would reduce the domestic price by the amount of the tax and accomplish the goal of providing cheap coal to domestic users, particularly PLN. It generally costs $35 to $45 a ton to produce coal and the selling price has recently been $90 to $100. A high export tax would reduce the profitability of investing in coal mine expansion. If the goal is to slow the rate of exploitation of reserves, reduce exports, and direct production to domestic use, the export tax is appropriate. A lower tax would reduce the disincentives but also result in a higher domestic coal price if the DMO were abandoned. Foreign investment in coal mining is already subdued due to the requirement that within ten years from the start of production, half of the shares of the mine or mining company must be held by Indonesians. Adding domestic processing and export taxes to the existing rules will further reduce the incentives for foreign investment in coal mining.Nuclear Energy: Indonesia has no nuclear power plants operating, but a 2006 Presidential Decree stated that 5 percent of electricity should come from nuclear power and renewable energy sources by 2025. The 2004 Asian tsunami and 2011 Fukushima reactor meltdowns have raised doubts. Critics point out that much of Indonesia is geologically active with volcanoes and earthquakes. Moreover, the place where nuclear energy makes economic sense – Java – is densely populated. One proposal is to build 22,000 MW of nuclear power on one of the lightly populated and geographically stable islands of Bangka-Belitung between Java and Sumatra. Moving the electricity to Java would be costly, as it would require large capacity underwater transmission lines. To this point, there have only been preliminary explorations of this proposal.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Telah ada domestic market obligation (DMO) untuk produsen batubara berkalori rendah. Mereka harus menjual sekitar 20 persen (jumlah bervariasi oleh tahun) dari output mereka kepada pengguna lokal - terutama PLN - dengan harga jauh di bawah harga ekspor mereka. Efek dari ini kira-kira setara dengan pajak penjualan 10 persen. DMO ini dilaporkan telah menyebabkan pelanggaran, di mana pembayaran dilakukan untuk menghindari penjualan batubara lokal. Pada tahun 2011, sebuah pendekatan alternatif diusulkan dimana ekspor batubara berkalori rendah akan dilarang. Ini akan melarang ekspor batubara dari sekitar 130 juta ton per tahun. Pada harga terbaru dari $ 90 per ton, seperti pembatasan akan mengurangi penerimaan ekspor dengan hampir $ 12 miliar. Anggapan adalah bahwa dengan mengurangi kadar air batubara dan perawatan lainnya, batubara berkalori rendah akan ditingkatkan dan dijual dengan harga lebih tinggi. Ada juga kemungkinan pajak ekspor yang dikenakan pada eksportir batubara. Hal ini akan mengurangi harga dalam negeri dengan jumlah pajak dan mencapai tujuan menyediakan batubara murah untuk pengguna domestik, khususnya PLN.
Hal ini biasanya biaya $ 35 sampai $ 45 ton untuk memproduksi batubara dan harga jual baru-baru ini menjadi $ 90 sampai $ 100. Pajak ekspor yang tinggi akan mengurangi profitabilitas investasi dalam ekspansi tambang batu bara. Jika tujuannya adalah untuk memperlambat laju eksploitasi cadangan, mengurangi ekspor, dan produksi langsung ke penggunaan domestik, pajak ekspor sesuai. Sebuah pajak yang lebih rendah akan mengurangi disinsentif tetapi juga mengakibatkan harga batubara dalam negeri lebih tinggi jika DMO ditinggalkan. Investasi asing di pertambangan batubara sudah tenang karena persyaratan bahwa selama sepuluh tahun sejak awal produksi, setengah dari saham tambang atau perusahaan pertambangan harus dipegang oleh orang Indonesia. Menambahkan pajak pengolahan dan ekspor dalam negeri dengan aturan yang ada akan lebih mengurangi insentif bagi investasi asing di bidang pertambangan batubara.
Nuclear Energy: Indonesia tidak memiliki pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir yang beroperasi, tetapi Keputusan Presiden 2006 menyatakan bahwa 5 persen dari listrik harus berasal dari tenaga nuklir dan sumber energi terbarukan pada tahun 2025. tsunami 2004 di Asia dan reaktor 2011 Fukushima kebocoran telah mengangkat keraguan. Kritikus menunjukkan bahwa banyak dari Indonesia secara geologis aktif dengan gunung berapi dan gempa bumi. Selain itu, tempat di mana energi nuklir masuk akal ekonomi - Jawa - adalah padat penduduk. Salah satu usulan adalah untuk membangun 22.000 MW dari tenaga nuklir di salah satu pulau berpenduduk sedikit dan geografis stabil Bangka-Belitung antara Jawa dan Sumatera. Pindah listrik ke Jawa akan menjadi mahal, karena akan membutuhkan kapasitas besar jalur transmisi bawah laut. Untuk saat ini, hanya ada eksplorasi awal dari proposal ini.
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