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There has been a domestic market obligation (DMO) for low-calorie coal producers. They have to sell about 20 percent (the amount varies by year) of their output to local users – mainly PLN – at a price well below their export price. The effect of this is roughly equivalent to a 10 percent sales tax. This DMO has reportedly led to abuses, where payments are made to avoid selling coal locally. In 2011, an alternative approach was proposed whereby exports of low-calorie coal would be prohibited. This would ban coal exports of roughly 130 million tons a year. At recent prices of $90 a ton, such a restriction would reduce export receipts by nearly $12 billion. The presumption is that by reducing the water content of coal and other treatments, low-calorie coal would be upgraded and sold for a higher price. There is also the possibility of an export tax being levied on coal exporters. This would reduce the domestic price by the amount of the tax and accomplish the goal of providing cheap coal to domestic users, particularly PLN. It generally costs $35 to $45 a ton to produce coal and the selling price has recently been $90 to $100. A high export tax would reduce the profitability of investing in coal mine expansion. If the goal is to slow the rate of exploitation of reserves, reduce exports, and direct production to domestic use, the export tax is appropriate. A lower tax would reduce the disincentives but also result in a higher domestic coal price if the DMO were abandoned. Foreign investment in coal mining is already subdued due to the requirement that within ten years from the start of production, half of the shares of the mine or mining company must be held by Indonesians. Adding domestic processing and export taxes to the existing rules will further reduce the incentives for foreign investment in coal mining.Nuclear Energy: Indonesia has no nuclear power plants operating, but a 2006 Presidential Decree stated that 5 percent of electricity should come from nuclear power and renewable energy sources by 2025. The 2004 Asian tsunami and 2011 Fukushima reactor meltdowns have raised doubts. Critics point out that much of Indonesia is geologically active with volcanoes and earthquakes. Moreover, the place where nuclear energy makes economic sense – Java – is densely populated. One proposal is to build 22,000 MW of nuclear power on one of the lightly populated and geographically stable islands of Bangka-Belitung between Java and Sumatra. Moving the electricity to Java would be costly, as it would require large capacity underwater transmission lines. To this point, there have only been preliminary explorations of this proposal.
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