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and lenders must disclose the true cost of borrowing the moneythey make available to customers who purchase merchandise oncredit.In addition, manufacturers must inform consumers about thepotential dangers of using their products. Manufacturers that failto provide such information can be held responsible for personalinjuries suffered because of their products. For example, Maytagprovides customers with a lengthy booklet that describes how theyshould use an automatic clothes washer. Sometimes such warningsseem excessive, but they are necessary if user injuries (and resultinglawsuits) are to be avoided.the Right to Choose The right to choose means that consumersmust have a choice of products, offered by different manufacturersand sellers, to satisfy a particular need. The government has doneits part by encouraging competition through antitrust legislation.The greater the competition, the greater is the choice available toconsumers.Competition and the resulting freedom of choice provideadditional benefits for customers by reducing prices. For example, when personal computers were introduced, they cost more than $5,000. Thanksto intense competition and technological advancements, personal computers todaycan be purchased for less than $500.the Right to Be heard This fourth right means that someone will listen and takeappropriate action when customers complain. Actually, management began to listento consumers after World War II, when competition between businesses that manufactured and sold consumer goods increased. One way that firms got a competitive edge
was to listen to consumers and provide the products they said they wanted and needed.
Today, businesses are listening even more attentively, and many larger firms have consumer relations departments that can be contacted easily via toll-free telephone numbers. Other groups listen, too. Most large cities and some states have consumer affairs
offices to act on citizens’ complaints.
additional Consumer Rights In 1975, President Gerald Ford added to the
Consumer Bill of Rights the right to consumer education, which entitles people to be
fully informed about their rights as consumers. In 1994, President Bill Clinton added a
sixth right, the right to service, which entitles consumers to convenience, courtesy, and
responsiveness from manufacturers and sellers of consumer products.
Major Consumerism forces
The major forces in consumerism are individual consumer advocates and organizations,
consumer education programs, and consumer laws. Consumer advocates, such as
Ralph Nader, take it on themselves to protect the rights of consumers. They band
together into consumer organizations, either independently or under government
sponsorship. Some organizations, such as the National Consumers’ League and the
Consumer Federation of America, operate nationally, whereas others are active at
state and local levels. They inform and organize other consumers, raise issues, help
businesses to develop consumer-oriented programs, and pressure lawmakers to enact
consumer protection laws. Some consumer advocates and organizations encourage
consumers to boycott products and businesses to which they have objections. Today,
the consumer movement has adopted corporate-style marketing and addresses a broad
range of issues. Current campaigns include efforts (1) to curtail the use of animals for
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