For example, despite comparable environmental conditions, mangrove spe terjemahan - For example, despite comparable environmental conditions, mangrove spe Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

For example, despite comparable env

For example, despite comparable environmental conditions, mangrove species richness is dramatically higher in the Indo‒West Pacific (65 species of 23 genera) compared to the Atlantic East Pacific (15 species of 8 genera) [2]. A number of hypotheses have been proposed during the last century to explain these distributional differences [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14], but the view of each author is best considered dated – with comparisons made under essential caveats. For instance, the hypothesis for long-distance dispersal and its ‘centre of origin’ concept [9, 10] was proposed before the theory of continental drift was generally accepted, when molecular genetics was at its infancy, and, when there were few fossil records. Thus, while the old ‘dispersal’ view might regard mangrove taxa originated in the Indo West Pacific and subsequently dispersed to other parts of the world, a modern ‘vicariance’ view is that mangroves evolved around the Tethys Sea during the Late Cretaceous [6, 15]. Phylogeographic analysis of one of the most widespread mangrove genera, Rhizophora, integrating genetic relationships, fossil records and geological/tectonic processes, will help to elucidate the role of vicariance and long-distance dispersal in the historical development of contemporary biogeographic patterns of mangroves, and to provide objective evaluation of these different but not mutually exclusive views. Rhizophora is a dominant genus of the most widespread mangrove family, the Rhizophoraceae. The genus is relatively old amongst cosmopolitan mangrove genera, and it has notable disjunct species distributions in both the Atlantic East Pacific and Indo West Pacific. Fossils of Rhizophora are recorded from the Palaeocene (55.8-65.5 Ma) onwards in major global regions [5]. All Rhizophora taxa are characterized by large water-buoyant propagules with a remarkable ability for long-distance dispersal.
For instance, recent genetic study using rapidly evolving microsatellites showed that Rhizophora mangle has dispersed over 3,000 miles from the north to south of the Brazilian coast since the end of the last glacial period [16]. While Rhizophora species are widespread in the world, only six (plus an equivalent number of hybrids) are described: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa in the IWP; Rhizophora mangle and Rhizophora racemosa in the AEP; and Rhizophora samoensis, the only species found naturally in both regions [6]. In addition to the presence of major disjunctions in Rhizophora species distributions, the extant populations are not morphologically uniform and continuous at the intraspecific level [6], partly due to persistent introgressive hybridization, for example, among the New World Rhizophora[17]. While the reason for these disjunct occurrences might be complex, once created most discontinuities were persistent over millions of years – as evidenced by Wallace’s Line in the IWP region.

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For example, despite comparable environmental conditions, mangrove species richness is dramatically higher in the Indo‒West Pacific (65 species of 23 genera) compared to the Atlantic East Pacific (15 species of 8 genera) [2]. A number of hypotheses have been proposed during the last century to explain these distributional differences [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14], but the view of each author is best considered dated – with comparisons made under essential caveats. For instance, the hypothesis for long-distance dispersal and its ‘centre of origin’ concept [9, 10] was proposed before the theory of continental drift was generally accepted, when molecular genetics was at its infancy, and, when there were few fossil records. Thus, while the old ‘dispersal’ view might regard mangrove taxa originated in the Indo West Pacific and subsequently dispersed to other parts of the world, a modern ‘vicariance’ view is that mangroves evolved around the Tethys Sea during the Late Cretaceous [6, 15]. Phylogeographic analysis of one of the most widespread mangrove genera, Rhizophora, integrating genetic relationships, fossil records and geological/tectonic processes, will help to elucidate the role of vicariance and long-distance dispersal in the historical development of contemporary biogeographic patterns of mangroves, and to provide objective evaluation of these different but not mutually exclusive views. Rhizophora is a dominant genus of the most widespread mangrove family, the Rhizophoraceae. The genus is relatively old amongst cosmopolitan mangrove genera, and it has notable disjunct species distributions in both the Atlantic East Pacific and Indo West Pacific. Fossils of Rhizophora are recorded from the Palaeocene (55.8-65.5 Ma) onwards in major global regions [5]. All Rhizophora taxa are characterized by large water-buoyant propagules with a remarkable ability for long-distance dispersal.For instance, recent genetic study using rapidly evolving microsatellites showed that Rhizophora mangle has dispersed over 3,000 miles from the north to south of the Brazilian coast since the end of the last glacial period [16]. While Rhizophora species are widespread in the world, only six (plus an equivalent number of hybrids) are described: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa in the IWP; Rhizophora mangle and Rhizophora racemosa in the AEP; and Rhizophora samoensis, the only species found naturally in both regions [6]. In addition to the presence of major disjunctions in Rhizophora species distributions, the extant populations are not morphologically uniform and continuous at the intraspecific level [6], partly due to persistent introgressive hybridization, for example, among the New World Rhizophora[17]. While the reason for these disjunct occurrences might be complex, once created most discontinuities were persistent over millions of years – as evidenced by Wallace’s Line in the IWP region.
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Misalnya, meskipun kondisi lingkungan yang sebanding, jenis mangrove kekayaan secara dramatis lebih tinggi di Pasifik Indo-Barat (65 spesies dari 23 genera) dibandingkan Atlantik Pasifik Timur (15 spesies dari 8 genera) [2]. Sejumlah hipotesis telah diajukan selama abad terakhir untuk menjelaskan perbedaan-perbedaan distribusi [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14], tapi lihat dari setiap penulis paling dianggap tanggal - dengan perbandingan yang dibuat di bawah peringatan penting. Misalnya, hipotesis untuk penyebaran jarak jauh dan 'pusat asal' nya konsep [9, 10] diusulkan sebelum teori pergeseran benua itu berlaku umum, ketika genetika molekuler berada di masa pertumbuhan, dan, ketika ada beberapa fosil catatan. Jadi, sementara yang lama 'penyebaran' lihat mungkin menganggap taksa bakau berasal Indo Pasifik Barat dan kemudian tersebar ke bagian lain dari dunia, modern 'vikariansi' lihat adalah bahwa mangrove berkembang di sekitar Laut Tethys selama Late Cretaceous [6, 15]. Analisis Phylogeographic dari salah satu genera bakau paling luas, Rhizophora, mengintegrasikan hubungan genetik, catatan fosil dan geologi / proses tektonik, akan membantu untuk menjelaskan peran vikariansi dan jarak jauh penyebaran dalam sejarah perkembangan pola biogeografi kontemporer mangrove, dan untuk memberikan evaluasi obyektif dari pandangan-pandangan yang berbeda tetapi tidak saling eksklusif. Rhizophora adalah genus dominan dari keluarga bakau paling luas, yang Rhizophoraceae. Genus ini relatif lama antara genera bakau kosmopolitan, dan memiliki terkenal distribusi spesies terpisah di kedua Atlantik Timur Pasifik dan Indo Pasifik Barat. Fosil Rhizophora dicatat dari Palaeocene (55,8-65,5 Ma) dan seterusnya di wilayah global utama [5]. Semua Rhizophora taksa ditandai dengan propagul air-apung besar dengan kemampuan luar biasa untuk penyebaran jarak jauh.
Misalnya, penelitian genetik terbaru menggunakan berkembang pesat mikrosatelit menunjukkan bahwa Rhizophora mangle telah tersebar lebih dari 3.000 mil dari utara ke selatan dari pantai Brasil sejak akhir periode glasial terakhir [16]. Sementara spesies Rhizophora tersebar luas di dunia, hanya enam (ditambah jumlah setara hibrida) dijelaskan: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, dan Rhizophora stylosa di IWP; Rhizophora mangle dan Rhizophora racemosa dalam AEP; dan Rhizophora samoensis, satu-satunya spesies yang ditemukan secara alami di kedua daerah [6]. Selain kehadiran disjunctions utama di Rhizophora distribusi spesies, populasi yang masih ada tidak morfologis seragam dan berkesinambungan di tingkat intraspecific [6], sebagian karena hibridisasi introgressive gigih, misalnya, antara New World Rhizophora [17]. Sementara alasan untuk ini kejadian terpisah mungkin menjadi kompleks, setelah dibuat paling diskontinuitas yang gigih selama jutaan tahun - yang dibuktikan dengan garis Wallace di wilayah IWP.

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