6. History of the development of the ICD 16.1 Early historySir George  terjemahan - 6. History of the development of the ICD 16.1 Early historySir George  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

6. History of the development of th

6. History of the development of the ICD 1
6.1 Early history
Sir George Knibbs, the eminent Australian statistician, credited FrançoisBossier de Lacroix (1706–1777), better known as Sauvages, with the ffrst attempt to classify diseases systematically (10). Sauvages’ comprehensive treatise was published under the title Nosologia methodica. A contemporary of Sauvages was the great methodologist Linnaeus (1707–1778), one of whose treatises was entitled Genera morborum. At the beginning of the 19th century, the classiffcation of disease in most general use was one by William Cullen (1710–1790), of Edinburgh, which was published in 1785 under the title Synopsis nosologiae methodicae.
For all practical purposes, however, the statistical study of disease began a century earlier with the work of John Graunt on the London Bills of Mortality. The kind of classiffcation envisaged by this pioneer is exempliffed by his attempt to estimate the proportion of liveborn children who died before reaching the age of six years, no records of age at death being available. He took all deaths classed as thrush, convulsions, rickets, teeth and worms, abortives, chrysomes, infants, livergrown, and overlaid and added to them half the deaths classed as smallpox, swinepox, measles, and worms without convulsions. Despite the crudity of this classiffcation his estimate of a 36% mortality before the age of six years appears from later evidence to have been a good one. While three centuries have contributed something to the scientiffc accuracy of disease classiffcation, there are many who doubt the usefulness of attempts to compile statistics of disease, or even causes of death, because of the difffculties of classiffcation. To these, one can quote Major Greenwood: “The scientiffc purist, who will wait for medical statistics until they are nosologically exact, is no wiser than Horace’s rustic waiting for the river to ffow away” (11).
Fortunately for the progress of preventive medicine, the General Register Offfce of England and Wales, at its inception in 1837, found in William Farr (1807–
1883) – its ffrst medical statistician – a man who not only made the best possible use of the imperfect classiffcations of disease available at the time, but laboured to secure better classiffcations and international uniformity in their use.
Farr found the classiffcation of Cullen in use in the public services of his day. It had not been revised to embody the advances of medical science, nor was it deemed by him to be satisfactory for statistical purposes. In the ffrst Annual Report of the Registrar General (12), therefore, he discussed the principles that should govern a statistical classiffcation of disease and urged the adoption of a uniform classiffcation as follows:
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6. History of the development of the ICD 16.1 Early historySir George Knibbs, the eminent Australian statistician, credited FrançoisBossier de Lacroix (1706–1777), better known as Sauvages, with the ffrst attempt to classify diseases systematically (10). Sauvages’ comprehensive treatise was published under the title Nosologia methodica. A contemporary of Sauvages was the great methodologist Linnaeus (1707–1778), one of whose treatises was entitled Genera morborum. At the beginning of the 19th century, the classiffcation of disease in most general use was one by William Cullen (1710–1790), of Edinburgh, which was published in 1785 under the title Synopsis nosologiae methodicae.For all practical purposes, however, the statistical study of disease began a century earlier with the work of John Graunt on the London Bills of Mortality. The kind of classiffcation envisaged by this pioneer is exempliffed by his attempt to estimate the proportion of liveborn children who died before reaching the age of six years, no records of age at death being available. He took all deaths classed as thrush, convulsions, rickets, teeth and worms, abortives, chrysomes, infants, livergrown, and overlaid and added to them half the deaths classed as smallpox, swinepox, measles, and worms without convulsions. Despite the crudity of this classiffcation his estimate of a 36% mortality before the age of six years appears from later evidence to have been a good one. While three centuries have contributed something to the scientiffc accuracy of disease classiffcation, there are many who doubt the usefulness of attempts to compile statistics of disease, or even causes of death, because of the difffculties of classiffcation. To these, one can quote Major Greenwood: “The scientiffc purist, who will wait for medical statistics until they are nosologically exact, is no wiser than Horace’s rustic waiting for the river to ffow away” (11).Fortunately for the progress of preventive medicine, the General Register Offfce of England and Wales, at its inception in 1837, found in William Farr (1807–1883) – its ffrst medical statistician – a man who not only made the best possible use of the imperfect classiffcations of disease available at the time, but laboured to secure better classiffcations and international uniformity in their use.Farr found the classiffcation of Cullen in use in the public services of his day. It had not been revised to embody the advances of medical science, nor was it deemed by him to be satisfactory for statistical purposes. In the ffrst Annual Report of the Registrar General (12), therefore, he discussed the principles that should govern a statistical classiffcation of disease and urged the adoption of a uniform classiffcation as follows:
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6. Sejarah perkembangan ICD 1
6.1 Awal sejarah
Sir George Knibbs, ahli statistik Australia terkemuka, dikreditkan FrançoisBossier de Lacroix (1706-1777), lebih dikenal sebagai Sauvages, dengan upaya ffrst untuk mengklasifikasikan penyakit sistematis (10). Risalah yang komprehensif Sauvages 'diterbitkan dengan judul Nosologia methodica. Sebuah kontemporer Sauvages adalah metodologi yang besar Linnaeus (1707-1778), yang salah satu risalah berjudul Genera morborum. Pada awal abad ke-19, yang classiffcation penyakit di sebagian besar penggunaan umum adalah salah satu oleh William Cullen (1710-1790), dari Edinburgh, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1785 di bawah judul Sinopsis nosologiae methodicae.
Untuk semua tujuan praktis, bagaimanapun, studi statistik penyakit mulai abad sebelumnya dengan karya John Graunt di London Bills of Mortality. Jenis classiffcation dibayangkan oleh pelopor ini exempliffed oleh usahanya untuk memperkirakan proporsi anak lahir hidup yang meninggal sebelum mencapai usia enam tahun, tidak ada catatan usia saat kematian yang tersedia. Dia mengambil semua kematian digolongkan sebagai sariawan, kejang, rakhitis, gigi dan cacing, abortives, chrysomes, bayi, livergrown, dan overlay dan ditambahkan ke mereka setengah kematian digolongkan sebagai cacar, swinepox, campak, dan cacing tanpa kejang-kejang. Meskipun kekasaran classiffcation ini perkiraan tentang angka kematian 36% sebelum usia enam tahun muncul dari bukti kemudian telah menjadi salah satu yang baik. Sementara tiga abad telah memberikan kontribusi sesuatu untuk akurasi scientiffc dari classiffcation penyakit, ada banyak orang yang meragukan kegunaan upaya untuk mengkompilasi statistik penyakit, atau bahkan penyebab kematian, karena difffculties dari classiffcation. Untuk ini, kita dapat mengutip Mayor Greenwood: "The scientiffc purist, yang akan menunggu statistik medis sampai mereka nosologically tepat, tidak bijaksana daripada menunggu pedesaan Horace untuk sungai untuk ffow diri" (11).
Untungnya bagi kemajuan pencegahan kedokteran, Daftar Umum Offfce Inggris dan Wales, pada awal tahun 1837, ditemukan di William Farr (1807-
1883) - statistik medis ffrst - seorang pria yang tidak hanya membuat penggunaan terbaik dari classiffcations sempurna penyakit tersedia di waktu, tetapi bekerja keras untuk mengamankan classiffcations lebih baik dan keseragaman internasional dalam penggunaannya.
Farr menemukan classiffcation dari Cullen digunakan dalam pelayanan publik pada zamannya. Ini belum direvisi untuk mewujudkan kemajuan ilmu kedokteran, juga bukan dianggap oleh dia untuk memuaskan untuk keperluan statistik. Dalam Laporan Tahunan ffrst Panitera Umum (12), oleh karena itu, ia membahas prinsip-prinsip yang harus mengatur sebuah classiffcation statistik penyakit dan mendesak adopsi classiffcation seragam sebagai berikut:
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