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During the 7th and 6th centuries bce, when choral lyric developed and monody appeared, composer-poets brought new techniques from Asia Minor to the Greek mainland and particularly to Sparta, for a time the cultural centre of the Mediterranean world. The one approximation to education in a modern sense was the training of choruses for the many religious festivals. Usually this would have been done afresh for each occasion. Instances of special training, which may have been continuous, are also known, and these involved choruses of young girls who had been schooled in singing and dancing by such master teachers as Alcman, who had come to Sparta from Sardis, and Sappho of Lesbos. Choric instruction given to groups of young citizens must have been still another factor in the development of schools, which incorporated the old aristocratic scheme of individual relationships but were also compelled to go beyond it. The rehearsal instrument was probably the lyra, as confirmed by vase paintings in the later period. During the central classical age, after Sparta had again become a barracks state, children still received training in singing, lyra playing and dance. The Spartan educational system was militaristic like that of Crete, and aesthetic considerations were unimportant compared with the demands imposed by the city-state.The master-pupil relationship of individual instruction in instrumental techniques may, as musicographers claimed, have existed from very early times. It had attained great eminence by the 5th century bce, when the Theban school of aulos playing introduced the profoundly influential element of virtuoso performance. In a wider context Pindar said, ‘Famous Thebes taught [epaideusan] me to be no stranger to the Muses’ (Maehler, frag.198a**1). Here the verb suggests a central concept, that of paideia, which is broader and far less formal in meaning than ‘education’, and which may be best translated as ‘culture’ (see Paideia). It parallels mousikē, which denoted a unity of sung text and instrumental accompaniment considered as the accomplishment of freeborn men. A third term, which was to become important as a connection between the other two, is ēthos (see Ethos). Belief in ‘character’ formed by mode and rhythm working together with text (logos) provided the central rationale for musical training throughout the Hellenic period.
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