Smoking, age, infection and diet may influence the severity and incide terjemahan - Smoking, age, infection and diet may influence the severity and incide Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Smoking, age, infection and diet ma

Smoking, age, infection and diet may influence the severity and incidence of NVP but surprisingly, smoking during pregnancy has been found to decrease the risk of HG possibly through interference with oestradiol metabolism.21,36 Passive smoking however does not appear to have the same effect and NVP incidences increase possibly due to different modes of action or due to pregnant women being more susceptible to irritants.37
Young women appear to have increased severity and incidence of NVP.2 Weigel and Weigel, reported that women over 35 years had comparatively low rates of NVP while pregnant adolescents had high rates of NVP.38 It has been postulated that adolescent women had a stronger anabolic drive hence a poorer outcome of pregnancy than older women.39 This is possibly due to increased calorie consumption and increased levels of insulin and IGF-I, which deposit maternal stores at the expense of placental growth,16 perhaps contributing to NVP.
Helicobacter pylori infection correlates with HG, perhaps due to changes in the pH of the gastrointestinal tract in addition to pregnancy-induced gastrointestinal tract dysmotility and altered immunity in pregnancy, all which favour H. pylori infection.6,22,40 Kuscu and Koyuncu, suggested that NVP beyond the second trimester are indicative of H. Pylori infection and other studies reported that the severity of NVP experienced correlated with the density of H. Pylori.29,40
Maternal diet, during pre-conception and in pregnancy is associated with the incidence and severity of NVP. Adequate sea-food, vegetables and water intake in pre-pregnancy reduce development of HG and it has been observed that women with NVP had diet high in calories, carbohydrates and added dietary sugars that came mostly from soft drinks but the study could not determine if consumption of such diet was to mitigate symptoms of NVP.2,18 Vitamin deficiency has been proposed as a casual factor for HG and it is possible that vitamin B deficiency may contribute, since the use of multivitamins containing vitamin B reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting and it is pointed out that vitamin supplements taken in early pregnancy seems to protect against NVP.5,11 Niebyl and Goodwin, however, found no correlation between vitamin B and NVP but observations after administration of the vitamin showed a causal relationship since half of the patients stopped vomiting and most that had severe nausea reported diminution to mild or moderate nausea.41 Studies on vitamins K and thiamine suggest that low levels observed in HG patients by comparison with symptom-free women are a result of and not the cause of HG.12,23 It must be pointed out that vomiting results in purging of dietary vitamins, whilst nausea decreases appetite and this turn results in dietary intake reduction thus lowering vitamin levels.
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Smoking, age, infection and diet may influence the severity and incidence of NVP but surprisingly, smoking during pregnancy has been found to decrease the risk of HG possibly through interference with oestradiol metabolism.21,36 Passive smoking however does not appear to have the same effect and NVP incidences increase possibly due to different modes of action or due to pregnant women being more susceptible to irritants.37Young women appear to have increased severity and incidence of NVP.2 Weigel and Weigel, reported that women over 35 years had comparatively low rates of NVP while pregnant adolescents had high rates of NVP.38 It has been postulated that adolescent women had a stronger anabolic drive hence a poorer outcome of pregnancy than older women.39 This is possibly due to increased calorie consumption and increased levels of insulin and IGF-I, which deposit maternal stores at the expense of placental growth,16 perhaps contributing to NVP.Helicobacter pylori infection correlates with HG, perhaps due to changes in the pH of the gastrointestinal tract in addition to pregnancy-induced gastrointestinal tract dysmotility and altered immunity in pregnancy, all which favour H. pylori infection.6,22,40 Kuscu and Koyuncu, suggested that NVP beyond the second trimester are indicative of H. Pylori infection and other studies reported that the severity of NVP experienced correlated with the density of H. Pylori.29,40Maternal diet, during pre-conception and in pregnancy is associated with the incidence and severity of NVP. Adequate sea-food, vegetables and water intake in pre-pregnancy reduce development of HG and it has been observed that women with NVP had diet high in calories, carbohydrates and added dietary sugars that came mostly from soft drinks but the study could not determine if consumption of such diet was to mitigate symptoms of NVP.2,18 Vitamin deficiency has been proposed as a casual factor for HG and it is possible that vitamin B deficiency may contribute, since the use of multivitamins containing vitamin B reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting and it is pointed out that vitamin supplements taken in early pregnancy seems to protect against NVP.5,11 Niebyl and Goodwin, however, found no correlation between vitamin B and NVP but observations after administration of the vitamin showed a causal relationship since half of the patients stopped vomiting and most that had severe nausea reported diminution to mild or moderate nausea.41 Studies on vitamins K and thiamine suggest that low levels observed in HG patients by comparison with symptom-free women are a result of and not the cause of HG.12,23 It must be pointed out that vomiting results in purging of dietary vitamins, whilst nausea decreases appetite and this turn results in dietary intake reduction thus lowering vitamin levels.
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Merokok, usia, infeksi dan diet dapat mempengaruhi keparahan dan kejadian NVP tapi mengejutkan, merokok selama kehamilan telah ditemukan untuk mengurangi risiko HG mungkin melalui gangguan merokok pasif estradiol metabolism.21,36 namun tampaknya tidak memiliki sama efek dan NVP insiden meningkat mungkin karena modus yang berbeda dari tindakan atau karena wanita hamil menjadi lebih rentan terhadap irritants.37
perempuan muda tampaknya memiliki peningkatan keparahan dan kejadian NVP.2 Weigel dan Weigel, melaporkan bahwa wanita di atas 35 tahun memiliki relatif rendah tingkat NVP sementara remaja hamil telah tingginya tingkat NVP.38 telah mendalilkan bahwa perempuan remaja memiliki perjalanan anabolic kuat maka hasil yang lebih buruk dari kehamilan dari yang lebih tua women.39 ini mungkin karena peningkatan konsumsi kalori dan peningkatan kadar insulin dan IGF-I, yang deposito toko ibu dengan mengorbankan pertumbuhan plasenta, 16 mungkin berkontribusi terhadap NVP.
infeksi pylori Helicobacter berkorelasi dengan HG, mungkin karena perubahan pH saluran pencernaan selain akibat kehamilan dismotilitas saluran pencernaan dan diubah kekebalan pada kehamilan, semua yang mendukung H. pylori infection.6,22,40 Kuscu dan Koyuncu, menyarankan bahwa NVP luar trimester kedua menunjukkan infeksi H. pylori dan penelitian lain melaporkan bahwa keparahan NVP mengalami berkorelasi dengan kepadatan H. Pylori.29,40
Ibu diet, selama pra-konsepsi dan kehamilan dikaitkan dengan kejadian dan keparahan NVP. Cukup makanan laut, sayuran dan asupan air dalam pra-kehamilan mengurangi pengembangan HG dan telah diamati bahwa wanita dengan NVP memiliki diet tinggi kalori, karbohidrat dan gula tambahan diet yang kebanyakan berasal dari minuman ringan tetapi penelitian tidak bisa menentukan apakah konsumsi diet tersebut adalah untuk mengurangi gejala defisiensi NVP.2,18 vitamin telah diusulkan sebagai faktor kasual untuk HG dan adalah mungkin bahwa kekurangan vitamin B dapat berkontribusi, karena penggunaan multivitamin yang mengandung vitamin B mengurangi insiden mual dan muntah dan itu menunjukkan bahwa suplemen vitamin diambil pada awal kehamilan tampaknya untuk melindungi terhadap NVP.5,11 Niebyl dan Goodwin, bagaimanapun, bahwa tidak ada korelasi antara vitamin B dan NVP tetapi pengamatan setelah pemberian vitamin menunjukkan hubungan sebab akibat karena setengah dari pasien berhenti muntah dan paling yang memiliki berat mual melaporkan penurunan untuk Studi nausea.41 ringan atau sedang pada vitamin K dan tiamin menunjukkan bahwa tingkat rendah diamati pada pasien HG dibandingkan dengan wanita gejala-bebas adalah hasil dari dan tidak penyebab HG .12,23 ini harus menunjukkan bahwa muntah hasil di purging vitamin makanan, sementara mual menurunkan nafsu makan dan ini gilirannya menghasilkan pengurangan asupan makanan sehingga menurunkan kadar vitamin.
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