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Model (Schaufeli & Bakker,2004) as a conceptual framework for understandingthe relationship between certain job characteristics and employee well-being. TheJD-R model distinguishes between two pathways that may affect employee wellbeing: an energetic and a motivational process. The former is sparked by high jobdemands (and poor resources), whereas the latter is initiated by job resources. So far,the JD-R model has mainly focused on burnout and work engagement as mediatorsin the energetic and motivational processes, respectively. Specifically, high demandsand poor resources are, via burnout, associated with poor organizational commitmentand high turnover intention (the energetic process); resources are, via engagement,related to organizational commitment and low turnover intention (the motivationalprocess; Hakanen, Schaufeli, & Ahola,2008; Schaufeli & Bakker 2004).As yet, the JD-R model has not been applied to the combination of low energy(due to low demands) and low motivation (due to low resources). This particularcombination of job characteristics produces an unchallenging work environment thatdemands little activity and gives little pleasure (Russell, 1980, 2003), whichpotentially results in boredom. On the basis of processes postulated by the JD-Rmodel as well as on what people experience when feeling bored (Daniels,2000), thecurrent study proposes that work boredom is a kind of employee unwell-being thatcan theoretically and empirically be distinguished from burnout and engagement(Hypothesis 1).Nomological network of boredom at workAlthough monotonous and repetitive jobs are associated with boredom (Hill &Perkins,1985), not all workers in such jobs are equally susceptible to becomingbored, as the notion of dispositional boredom suggests (Farmer & Sundberg,1986;Zuckerman et al.,1978). Therefore, in the current research boredom at work is notmerely linked to the monotony or repetitiveness of the work tasks (Grubb,1975; Lee,1986). Rather, the JD-R model suggests that boredom at work can originate fromtasks that are qualitatively and/or quantitatively undemanding (Parasuraman &Purohit,2000).Further, job resources have been construed as potential buffers of the adverseeffects of dissatisfying tasks in inadequately stimulating situations on employees’well-being (Parker & Ohly,2006). On the one hand, having abstract, unspecific workgoals (Fisher,1993), having few opportunities to make autonomous decisions, orhaving little variety presumably increases the occurrence of boredom (Hill & Perkins,1985). On the other hand, social support from coworkers may reduce boredom atwork (Parker & Ohly,2006). These findings are consistent with our view thatboredom is the result of having both low job demands and few resources. Therefore,on the basis of JD-R model (Schaufeli & Bakker,2004) as well as on previousresearch on boredom, we assume that low levels of demands and resources are
associated with low energy (arousal) and poor motivation in employees, that is, with
work boredom (Hypothesis 2).
As for the consequences of boredom, boredom-prone employees tend to report
low job involvement (Parasuraman & Purohit, 2000), and boredom at work is
associated with job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, and low organizational commitment
(Kass, Vodanovich, & Callender,2001). Hence, we assume that work boredom relates
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