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Channel-desainKeputusanUntuk merancang sistem saluran pemasaran, pemasar menganalisis pelanggankebutuhan dan keinginan, menetapkan tujuan saluran dan kendala, danmengidentifikasi dan mengevaluasi saluran utama alternatif.Menganalisis pelanggan kebutuhan dan keinginanKonsumen dapat memilih saluran yang mereka inginkan berdasarkan harga,bermacam-macam produk dan kenyamanan, serta belanja mereka sendiritujuan (ekonomi, sosial, atau pengalaman).17 sebagai dengan produk,ada segmentasi, dan pemasar harus menyadari bahwa konsumen yang berbeda memiliki kebutuhan yang berbedaselama proses pembelian.Satu studi dari 40 grosir dan pengecer pakaian di Perancis, Jerman, dan Inggrisditemukan bahwa mereka bertugas tiga jenis pembeli: (1) pelanggan layanan kualitas yang paling peduli tentangberbagai dan kinerja produk dan layanan, (2) harga/nilai Pelanggan yang paling khawatirtentang pengeluaran dengan bijak, dan (3) afinitas Pelanggan yang terutama mencari toko yang cocokorang-orang seperti mereka sendiri atau kelompok-kelompok yang mereka bercita-cita untuk bergabung. Sebagai tokoh 15.3 menunjukkan, profil nasabahberbeda di tiga pasar: di Perancis, pembeli menekankan layanan dan kualitas, di AmerikaKerajaan, afinitas, dan di Jerman, harga dan value.18Bahkan konsumen yang sama, meskipun, dapat memilih saluran yang berbeda untuk fungsi yang berbeda dalampembelian, browsing Katalog sebelum mengunjungi toko atau tes mengemudi mobil di dealer sebelum memesanonline. Beberapa konsumen bersedia "perdagangan" untuk pengecer yang menawarkan barang-barang akhir lebih tinggi sepertiTAG Heuer watches atau klub Callaway golf dan "perdagangan turun" untuk diskon pengecer untuk swasta-labelkertas handuk, deterjen, atau vitamins.19Saluran menghasilkan lima Layanan output:1. banyak ukuran — jumlah saluran izin khas pelanggan untuk membeli salah satu unitkesempatan. Membeli mobil untuk armadanya, Hertz lebih suka saluran yang bisa membeli banyak besarukuran; sebuah rumah tangga ingin saluran yang memungkinkan banyak ukuran satu.2. tunggu dan pengiriman waktu-waktu rata-rata pelanggan menunggu penerimaan barang. Pelanggansemakin lebih suka lebih cepat delivery channel.3. spasial kenyamanan — tingkat yang saluran pemasaran membuatnya mudah bagi pelangganuntuk membeli produk. Toyota menawarkan kenyamanan tata ruang yang lebih besar daripada Lexus karena adaMemasuki pasar baru, perusahaan sering cermat mengamati apa yang perusahaan lain lakukan. PerancisAuchan dianggap kehadiran saingan Perancis Leclerc dan kasino di Polandia sebagai kunci untuk keputusanmasuk ke bahwa Apple market.23 saluran tujuan menciptakan pengalaman dinamis riteluntuk konsumen adalah tidak terpenuhi oleh saluran-saluran yang ada, jadi memilih untuk membukanya sendiri stores.24Toko Apple toko ketika Apple diluncurkan pada tahun 2001, banyak dipertanyakanprospek dan BusinessWeek mereka menerbitkan sebuah artikel yang berjudul, "Maaf Steve, di sini adalah mengapa AppleToko tidak akan bekerja." Cepat-maju lima tahun, dan Apple adalah merayakan peluncuran yangManhattan etalase toko baru spektakuler. Dengan hampir 275 lokasi pada akhir 2009,net revenue from stores totaled $6.6 billion and represented roughly20 percent of total corporate revenue. Annual sales per square foot of anApple store have been estimated at $4,700—the Fifth Avenuelocation is reported to do a staggering $35,000 of business per squarefoot–compared to Tiffany’s $2,666, Best Buy’s $930, and Saks’s $362.Any way you look at it, Apple stores have been an unqualified success.Designed to fuel excitement for the brand, they let people see and touchApple products—and experience what Apple can do for them—making itmore likely they’ll become Apple customers. They target tech-savvy customerswith in-store product presentations and workshops; a full line ofApple products, software, and accessories; and a “Genius Bar” staffed byApple specialists who provide technical support, often free of charge.Although the stores upset existing retailers, Apple has worked hard tosmooth relationships, in part justifying the decision as a natural evolutionof its existing online sales channel.Identifying Major Channel AlternativesEach channel—from sales forces to agents, distributors, dealers, direct mail, telemarketing, and theInternet—has unique strengths and weaknesses. Sales forces can handle complex products and transactions,but they are expensive. The Internet is inexpensive but may not be as effective with complex products.Distributors can create sales, but the company loses direct contact with customers. Several clientscan share the cost of manufacturers’ reps, but the selling effort is less intense than company reps provide.
Channel alternatives differ in three ways: the types of intermediaries, the number needed, and
the terms and responsibilities of each. Let’s look at these factors.
TYPES OF INTERMEDIARIES Consider the channel alternatives identified by a consumer
electronics company that produces satellite radios. It could sell its players directly to automobile
manufacturers to be installed as original equipment, auto dealers, rental car companies, or satellite
radio specialist dealers through a direct sales force or through distributors. It could also sell its players
through company stores, online retailers, mail-order catalogs, or mass merchandisers such as Best Buy.
As Netflix did, companies should search for innovative marketing channels. Columbia House
has successfully merchandised music albums through the mail and Internet. Harry and David and
Calyx & Corolla have creatively sold fruit and flowers, respectively, through direct delivery.
Sometimes a company chooses a new or unconventional channel because of the difficulty, cost,
or ineffectiveness of working with the dominant channel. One advantage is often reduced competition,
at least at first. Years ago, after trying to sell its inexpensive Timex watches through jewelry
stores, the U.S. Time Company placed them instead in fast-growing mass-merchandise outlets.
Frustrated with a printed catalog it saw as out-of-date and unprofessional, commercial lighting
company Display Supply & Lighting developed an interactive online catalog that drove down costs,
speeded the sales process, and increased revenue.25
NUMBER OF INTERMEDIARIES Three strategies based on the number of intermediaries are
exclusive distribution, selective distribution, and intensive distribution.
Exclusive distribution means severely limiting the number of intermediaries. It’s appropriate
when the producer wants to maintain control over the service level and outputs offered by the
resellers, and it often includes exclusive dealing arrangements. By granting exclusive distribution,
the producer hopes to obtain more dedicated and knowledgeable selling. It requires a closer
partnership between seller and reseller and is used in the distribution of new automobiles, some
major appliances, and some women’s apparel brands.
Exclusive deals are becoming a mainstay for specialists looking for an edge in markets
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