Values form the bedrock of a cultur

Values form the bedrock of a culture. They provide the context within which a society’s norms are
established and justified. They may include a society’s attitudes toward such concepts as individual
freedom, democracy, truth, justice, honesty, loyalty, social obligations, collective responsibility, the role
of women, love, sex, marriage, and so on. Values are not just abstract concepts; they are invested with
considerable emotional significance. People argue, fight, and even die over values such as freedom.
Values also often are reflected in the political and economic systems of a society. As we saw in Chapter
2, democratic free market capitalism is a reflection of a philosophical value system that emphasizes
individual freedom.
Norms are the social rules that govern people’s actions toward one another. Norms can be subdivided
further into two major categories: folkways and mores. Folkways are the routine conventions of everyday
life. Generally, folkways are actions of little moral significance. Rather, they are social conventions
concerning things such as the appropriate dress code in a particular situation, good social manners, eating
with the correct utensils, neighborly behavior, and the like. Although folkways define the way people are
expected to behave, violation of them is not normally a serious matter. People who violate folkways may
be thought of as eccentric or ill-mannered, but they are not usually considered to be evil or bad. In many
countries, foreigners may initially be excused for violating folkways.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Values form the bedrock of a culture. They provide the context within which a society’s norms areestablished and justified. They may include a society’s attitudes toward such concepts as individualfreedom, democracy, truth, justice, honesty, loyalty, social obligations, collective responsibility, the roleof women, love, sex, marriage, and so on. Values are not just abstract concepts; they are invested withconsiderable emotional significance. People argue, fight, and even die over values such as freedom.Values also often are reflected in the political and economic systems of a society. As we saw in Chapter2, democratic free market capitalism is a reflection of a philosophical value system that emphasizesindividual freedom.Norms are the social rules that govern people’s actions toward one another. Norms can be subdividedfurther into two major categories: folkways and mores. Folkways are the routine conventions of everydaylife. Generally, folkways are actions of little moral significance. Rather, they are social conventionsconcerning things such as the appropriate dress code in a particular situation, good social manners, eatingwith the correct utensils, neighborly behavior, and the like. Although folkways define the way people areexpected to behave, violation of them is not normally a serious matter. People who violate folkways maybe thought of as eccentric or ill-mannered, but they are not usually considered to be evil or bad. In manynegara-negara, orang asing awalnya dapat dimaafkan karena melanggar pemeliharanya.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Nilai membentuk fondasi dari budaya. Mereka menyediakan konteks di mana norma-norma suatu masyarakat yang
didirikan dan dibenarkan. Mereka mungkin termasuk sikap masyarakat terhadap konsep seperti individu
kebebasan, demokrasi, kebenaran, keadilan, kejujuran, kesetiaan, kewajiban sosial, tanggung jawab kolektif, peran
perempuan, cinta, seks, pernikahan, dan sebagainya. Nilai tidak hanya konsep abstrak; mereka diinvestasikan dengan
makna emosional yang cukup. Orang berpendapat, melawan, dan bahkan mati atas nilai-nilai seperti kebebasan.
Nilai juga sering tercermin dalam sistem politik dan ekonomi dari masyarakat. Seperti yang kita lihat dalam Bab
2, demokrasi kapitalisme pasar bebas adalah refleksi dari sistem nilai filosofis yang menekankan
kebebasan individu.
Norma adalah aturan sosial yang mengatur tindakan orang-orang terhadap satu sama lain. Norma dapat dibagi
lebih lanjut menjadi dua kategori utama: folkways dan adat istiadat. Folkways adalah konvensi rutinitas sehari-hari
kehidupan. Umumnya, folkways adalah tindakan penting moral yang kecil. Sebaliknya, mereka konvensi sosial
mengenai hal-hal seperti dress code yang sesuai dalam situasi tertentu, sopan santun sosial yang baik, makan
dengan peralatan yang benar, perilaku bertetangga, dan sejenisnya. Meskipun folkways menentukan cara orang
diharapkan untuk berperilaku, pelanggaran mereka biasanya tidak masalah serius. Orang yang melanggar folkways mungkin
dianggap sebagai eksentrik atau sakit-santun, tetapi mereka biasanya tidak dianggap jahat atau buruk. Di banyak
negara, orang asing mungkin awalnya dimaafkan karena melanggar folkways.