76701:20:24,152 --> 01:20:25,915we

767
01:20:24,152 --> 01:20:25,915
we see that there are huge

768
01:20:27,088 --> 01:20:31,149
volcanic eruptions,
massive, explosive eruptions that produced

769
01:20:31,693 --> 01:20:33,661
thousands of cubic miles of pumice,

770
01:20:33,762 --> 01:20:37,562
showering large parts of the Earth
with fine ash,

771
01:20:38,033 --> 01:20:42,026
and these have been demonstrated
to have had a strong impact on climate,

772
01:20:42,504 --> 01:20:45,996
and one of the biggest of these events,
74,000 years ago,

773
01:20:46,408 --> 01:20:49,502
has been argued even to have affected
our human ancestors

774
01:20:49,611 --> 01:20:51,511
and may have played an important role in

775
01:20:51,880 --> 01:20:55,316
the origins and dispersaI of early humans.

776
01:20:58,653 --> 01:21:02,851
So these events will recur, and I think
the more we understand about them,

777
01:21:02,958 --> 01:21:07,486
the better we can prepare for
their eventuality.

778
01:21:12,400 --> 01:21:17,394
HERZOG: For this and many other reasons,
our presence on this planet

779
01:21:17,639 --> 01:21:20,472
does not seem to be sustainable.

780
01:21:20,575 --> 01:21:25,569
Our technologicaI civilization makes us
particularly vulnerable.

781
01:21:27,048 --> 01:21:31,576
There is talk all over the scientific
community about climate change.

782
01:21:32,954 --> 01:21:37,789
Many of them agree the end of human life
on this Earth is assured.

783
01:21:40,862 --> 01:21:44,628
Human life is part of
an endless chain of catastrophes,

784
01:21:45,100 --> 01:21:49,298
the demise of the dinosaurs being just
one of these events.

785
01:21:50,972 --> 01:21:53,202
We seem to be next.

786
01:21:59,347 --> 01:22:04,614
And when we are gone, what will happen
thousands of years from now in the future?

787
01:22:08,056 --> 01:22:11,492
Will there be alien archeologists
from another planet

788
01:22:11,826 --> 01:22:16,058
trying to find out what we were doing
at the South Pole?

789
01:22:18,400 --> 01:22:23,235
They will descend into the tunnels
that we had dug deep under the pole.

790
01:22:25,407 --> 01:22:31,175
It is still minus 70 degrees here,
and that's why this place has outlived

791
01:22:31,313 --> 01:22:33,838
all the large cities in the world.

792
01:22:37,519 --> 01:22:39,419
They walk on and on.

793
01:22:59,107 --> 01:23:00,631
And then this.

794
01:23:01,209 --> 01:23:06,112
As if we had wanted to leave one remnant
of our presence on this planet,

795
01:23:06,715 --> 01:23:11,118
they would find a frozen sturgeon,
mysteriously hidden away

796
01:23:11,619 --> 01:23:15,646
beneath the mathematically precise
true South Pole.

797
01:23:36,544 --> 01:23:41,481
They stash it back away
into its frozen shrine for another eternity.

798
01:23:44,753 --> 01:23:48,849
And then they find more,
memories of a world once green.

799
01:23:52,460 --> 01:23:57,727
As if the human race wanted to preserve
at least some lost beauty of this Earth,

800
01:23:58,199 --> 01:24:02,602
they left this,
framed in a garland of frozen popcorn.

801
01:24:12,981 --> 01:24:15,575
Back at the base camp of Mount Erebus,

802
01:24:20,388 --> 01:24:22,982
due to the considerable altitude,

803
01:24:23,324 --> 01:24:27,226
once in a while the volcanologists
need medicaI care.

804
01:24:31,332 --> 01:24:33,926
But soon we find them back at work.

805
01:25:42,137 --> 01:25:44,128
My face is frozen.

806
01:26:23,811 --> 01:26:25,779
Quite cold up here today.

807
01:26:31,920 --> 01:26:36,755
Just by having that fantastic lava lake
down there with all that energy,

808
01:26:37,025 --> 01:26:41,928
we still have to bring old petrol generators
up to the crater rim.

809
01:26:53,741 --> 01:26:59,441
Man versus Machine, Chapter 53.
Professor Clive Oppenheimer on Erebus.

810
01:27:01,549 --> 01:27:05,747
Hands in pockets,
waiting for it to start spontaneously.

811
01:27:07,155 --> 01:27:09,487
He could be waiting a long time.

812
01:27:10,925 --> 01:27:14,793
Have you ever seen two men kiss
on the top of Erebus before?

813
01:27:14,896 --> 01:27:16,659
(BOTH LAUGHING)

814
01:27:16,764 --> 01:27:18,322
OPPENHEIMER: Pushing back the frontiers.

815
01:27:18,433 --> 01:27:20,060
It's R-18, okay?

816
01:27:22,637 --> 01:27:24,628
I like working with Harry.

817
01:27:29,744 --> 01:27:32,110
HERZOG: Along the slopes of the volcano

818
01:27:32,347 --> 01:27:38,479
there are vents where steam creates
so-called fumaroles, bizarre chimneys of ice,

819
01:27:38,820 --> 01:27:41,755
sometimes reaching two stories in height.

820
01:27:49,631 --> 01:27:52,691
It is possible to descend into some of them.

821
01:27:54,636 --> 01:27:59,972
You only have to be carefuI
to avoid the ones containing toxic gasses.

822
01:31:11,799 --> 01:31:15,200
At the foot of Erebus, out on the sea ice,

823
01:31:15,303 --> 01:31:19,171
the two tallest buildings on this continent
are located.

824
01:31:19,907 --> 01:31:23,775
In these hangars,
scientific payloads are being readied

825
01:31:23,911 --> 01:31:26,937
for their balloon launch
into the stratosphere.

826
01:31:40,862 --> 01:31:44,593
We were interested in
the neutrino detection project.

827
01:31:44,699 --> 01:31:48,362
Scientists are planning
to lift an observation instrument

828
01:31:48,469 --> 01:31:51,734
40 kilometers up into the stratosphere

829
01:31:51,839 --> 01:31:55,900
in search of almost
undetectable subatomic particles.

830
01:31:59,146 --> 01:32:00,579
(ALL CHEERING)

831
01:32:02,350 --> 01:32:07,413
As it rises, this small-looking bubble
of helium will expand

832
01:32:07,588 --> 01:32:12,082
to fill the entire skin,
which here still looks like a white rope.

833
01:32:13,127 --> 01:32:18,793
It will eventually form a gigantic globe
more than 300 feet in diameter.

834
01:32:21,002 --> 01:32:23,095
When it reaches the stratosphere,

835
01:32:23,204 --> 01:32:27,197
the detector will scan
thousands of square miles of ice

836
01:32:27,308 --> 01:32:32,075
without encountering electricaI
disturbances from the inhabited world.

837
01:32:33,247 --> 01:32:37,581
Prior to the launch,
we were inside the hangar.

838
01:32:37,685 --> 01:32:42,588
The neutrino project is led by
Dr: Gorham of the University of Hawaii.

839
01:32:42,823 --> 01:32:48,386
So, what we're trying to do
with this instrument is to be the first

840
01:32:48,496 --> 01:32:53,559
scientific group to detect the highest
energy neutrinos in the universe, we hope.

841
01:32:54,068 --> 01:32:57,868
HERZOG: Yeah, but, Dr. Gorham,
what exactly is a neutrino?

842
01:32:58,539 --> 01:33:03,306
The neutrino is:. It's the most ridiculous
particle you could imagine.

843
01:33:03,544 --> 01:33:07,640
A billion neutrinos went through my nose
as we were talking.

844
01:33:07,915 --> 01:33:11,316
A trillion, a trillion of them
went through my nose just now,

845
01:33:11,419 --> 01:33:13,182
and they did nothing to me.

846
01:33:13,287 --> 01:33:16,984
They pass through all of the matter
around us continuously,

847
01:33:17,258 --> 01:33:22,423
in a huge, huge blast of particles
that does nothing at all.

848
01:33:22,730 --> 01:33:26,598
They're like:.
They almost exist in a separate universe,

849
01:33:26,701 --> 01:33:28,794
but we know, as physicists,
we can measure them,

850
01:33:28,903 --> 01:33:33,272
we can make precision predictions
and measurements. They exist,

851
01:33:33,374 --> 01:33:36,036
but we can't get our hands on them,

852
01:33:36,143 --> 01:33:38,976
because they seem to just exist
in another place,

853
01:33:39,413 --> 01:33:44,373
and yet without neutrinos, the beginning
of the universe would not have worked.

854
01:33:44,619 --> 01:33:47,144
We would not have the matter
that we have today,

855
01:33:47,254 --> 01:33:50,189
because you couldn't create
the elements without the neutrinos.

856
01:33:50,291 --> 01:33:53,852
In the very, very earliest few seconds
of the big bang,

857
01:33:53,961 --> 01:33:57,522
the neutrinos were the dominant particle,
and they actually determined

858
01:33:57,632 --> 01:34:02,126
much of the kinetics of the production
of the elements we know.

859
01:34:02,236 --> 01:34:05,262
So, the universe can't exist the way it is
without the neutrinos,

860
01:34:05,406 --> 01:34:08,967
but they seem
to be in their own separate universe,

861
01:34:09,076 --> 01:34:12,045
and we're trying to actually
make contact with that

862
01:34:12,146 --> 01:34:14,740
otherworldly universe of neutrinos.

863
01:34:15,916 --> 01:34:19,408
And as a physicist, even though

864
01:34:20,388 --> 01:34:24,449
I understand it mathematically
and I understand it intellectually,

865
01:34:24,592 --> 01:34:26,685
it still hits me in the gut

866
01:34:27,261 --> 01:34:30,662
that there is something here around

867
01:34:30,765 --> 01:34:34,565
surrounding me almost like
some kind of spirit or god

868
01:34:34,669 --> 01:34:36,500
that I can't touch,

869
01:34:36,837 --> 01:34:39,397
but I can measure it.

870
01:34:39,507 --> 01:34:40,633
I can make a measurement.

871
01:34:40,741 --> 01:34:44,006
It's like measuring the spirit world
or something like that.

872
01:34:44,111 --> 01:34:46,671
You can go out and touch these things.

873
01:34:48,182 --> 01:34:52,676
HERZOG: Not surprisingly, we found
this incantation in Hawaiian language

874
01:34:52,787 --> 01:34:5

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

767
01: 20: 24.152 -> 01: 20: 25.915
kita melihat bahwa ada besar 768 01: 20: 27.088 -> 01: 20: 31.149 letusan gunung berapi, besar, letusan eksplosif yang menghasilkan 769 01: 20: 31.693 - -> 01: 20: 33.661 ribu kilometer kubik batu apung, 770 01: 20: 33.762 -> 01: 20: 37.562 mandi sebagian besar bumi dengan abu halus, 771 01: 20: 38.033 -> 01:20 : 42.026 dan ini telah dibuktikan untuk memiliki dampak yang kuat pada iklim, 772 01: 20: 42.504 -> 01: 20: 45.996 dan salah satu yang terbesar dari peristiwa ini, 74.000 tahun yang lalu, 773 01: 20: 46.408 - -> 01: 20: 49.502 telah berpendapat bahkan telah mempengaruhi nenek moyang manusia 774 01: 20: 49.611 -> 01: 20: 51.511 dan mungkin telah memainkan peran penting dalam 775 01: 20: 51.880 -> 01: 20: 55.316 asal-usul dan dispersaI manusia purba. 776 01: 20: 58.653 -> 01: 21: 02.851 Jadi acara ini akan terulang, dan saya pikir semakin kita memahami tentang mereka, 777 01: 21: 02.958 -> 01: 21: 07.486 lebih baik kita dapat mempersiapkan diri untuk kemungkinan mereka. 778 01: 21: 12.400 -> 01: 21: 17.394 Herzog: Untuk ini dan banyak alasan lain, kehadiran kami di planet ini 779 01: 21: 17.639 - > 01: 21: 20.472 tampaknya tidak akan berkelanjutan. 780 01: 21: 20.575 -> 01: 21: 25.569 Kami technologicai peradaban membuat kita rentan. 781 01: 21: 27.048 -> 01: 21: 31.576 Ada adalah berbicara di seluruh ilmiah masyarakat tentang perubahan iklim. 782 01: 21: 32.954 -> 01: 21: 37.789 Banyak dari mereka setuju akhir kehidupan manusia di bumi ini terjamin. 783 01: 21: 40.862 -> 01 : 21: 44.628 Kehidupan manusia adalah bagian dari rantai tak berujung bencana, 784 01: 21: 45,100 -> 01: 21: 49.298 kematian dinosaurus menjadi hanya satu dari peristiwa ini. 785 01: 21: 50.972 -> 01: 21: 53.202 Kami tampaknya berikutnya. 786 01: 21: 59.347 -> 01: 22: 04.614 Dan ketika kita pergi, apa yang akan terjadi ribuan tahun dari sekarang di masa depan? 787 01: 22: 08.056 - -> 01: 22: 11.492 akan ada arkeolog alien dari planet lain 788 01: 22: 11.826 -> 01: 22: 16.058 mencoba untuk mencari tahu apa yang kami lakukan di Kutub Selatan? 789 01: 22: 18,400 - > 01: 22: 23.235 Mereka akan turun ke terowongan yang kita telah menggali jauh di bawah tiang. 790 01: 22: 25.407 -> 01: 22: 31.175 Hal ini masih dikurangi 70 derajat di sini, dan itulah mengapa tempat ini telah hidup lebih lama 791 01: 22: 31.313 -> 01: 22: 33.838 . semua kota-kota besar di dunia 792 01: 22: 37.519 -> 01: 22: 39.419 Mereka berjalan dan terus. 793 01: 22: 59.107 - > 01: 23: 00.631 Dan kemudian ini. 794 01: 23: 01.209 -> 01: 23: 06.112 Seperti jika kita ingin meninggalkan satu sisa dari kehadiran kita di planet ini, 795 01: 23: 06.715 -> 01 : 23: 11.118 mereka akan menemukan sturgeon beku, misterius tersembunyi 796 01: 23: 11.619 -> 01: 23: 15.646 di bawah matematis yang tepat benar Kutub Selatan. 797 01: 23: 36.544 -> 01: 23: 41.481 Mereka menyimpan kembali pergi ke kuil beku untuk selamanya lain. 798 01: 23: 44.753 -> 01: 23: 48.849 Dan kemudian mereka menemukan lebih banyak, kenangan dunia sekali hijau. 799 01: 23: 52.460 -> 01 : 23: 57.727 Seolah-olah umat manusia ingin mempertahankan setidaknya beberapa keindahan yang hilang dari bumi ini, 800 01: 23: 58.199 -> 01: 24: 02.602 mereka meninggalkan ini, . dibingkai dalam karangan bunga dari popcorn beku 801 01: 24: 12.981 -> 01: 24: 15.575 Kembali di base camp Gunung Erebus, 802 01: 24: 20.388 -> 01: 24: 22.982 karena ketinggian yang cukup, 803 01: 24: 23.324 -> 01 : 24: 27.226 sekali dalam sementara volcanologists membutuhkan perawatan medicaI. 804 01: 24: 31.332 -> 01: 24: 33.926 Tapi segera kami menemukan mereka kembali bekerja. 805 01: 25: 42.137 -> 01:25: 44.128 Wajahku beku. 806 01: 26: 23.811 -> 01: 26: 25.779 Cukup dingin di sini hari ini. 807 01: 26: 31.920 -> 01: 26: 36.755 Hanya dengan memiliki yang fantastis lava danau di sana dengan semua energi itu, 808 01: 26: 37.025 -> 01: 26: 41.928 kita masih harus membawa generator bensin lama sampai bibir kawah. 809 01: 26: 53.741 -> 01: 26: 59.441 Man vs Machine, Bab 5 3. Profesor Clive Oppenheimer pada Erebus. 810 01: 27: 01.549 -> 01: 27: 05.747 Tangan di saku, menunggu untuk itu untuk memulai spontan. 811 01: 27: 07.155 -> 01: 27: 09.487 Dia bisa menunggu waktu yang lama. 812 01: 27: 10.925 -> 01: 27: 14.793 Apakah Anda pernah melihat dua pria mencium di bagian atas Erebus sebelumnya? 813 01: 27: 14.896 -> 01: 27: 16.659 ( KEDUA TERTAWA) 814 01: 27: 16.764 -> 01: 27: 18.322 Oppenheimer: Mendorong kembali perbatasan. 815 01: 27: 18.433 -> 01: 27: 20.060 ? Ini R-18, oke 816 01:27: 22.637 -> 01: 27: 24.628 Saya suka bekerja dengan Harry. 817 01: 27: 29.744 -> 01: 27: 32.110 Herzog: Sepanjang lereng gunung berapi 818 01: 27: 32.347 -> 01:27: 38.479 ada ventilasi di mana uap menciptakan apa yang disebut fumarol, cerobong asap aneh es, 819 01: 27: 38.820 -> 01: 27: 41.755 kadang-kadang mencapai dua cerita tinggi. 820 01: 27: 49.631 -> 01:27 : 52691 Hal ini dimungkinkan untuk turun ke beberapa dari mereka. 821 01: 27: 54.636 -> 01: 27: 59.972 Anda hanya harus carefuI untuk menghindari orang-orang yang mengandung gas beracun. 822 01: 31: 11.799 -> 01 : 31: 15.200 Di kaki Erebus, keluar di es laut, 823 01: 31: 15.303 -> 01: 31: 19.171 dua gedung tertinggi di benua ini berada. 824 01: 31: 19.907 -> 01 : 31: 23.775 Dalam hanggar tersebut, muatan ilmiah sedang disiapkan 825 01: 31: 23.911 -> 01: 31: 26.937 untuk peluncuran balon mereka ke stratosfer. 826 01: 31: 40.862 -> 01: 31: 44.593 Kami tertarik proyek deteksi neutrino. 827 01: 31: 44.699 -> 01: 31: 48.362 Para ilmuwan berencana untuk mengangkat instrumen observasi 828 01: 31: 48.469 -> 01: 31: 51.734 40 kilometer sampai ke stratosfer 829 01: 31: 51.839 -> 01: 31: 55.900 mencari hampir partikel subatomik tidak terdeteksi. 830 01: 31: 59.146 -> 01: 32: 00.579 ( ALL bersorak) 831 01: 32: 02.350 -> 01 : 32: 07.413 Seperti naik, ini gelembung kecil tampak helium akan memperluas 832 01: 32: 07.588 -> 01: 32: 12.082 untuk mengisi seluruh kulit, . yang di sini masih terlihat seperti tali putih 833 01:32 : 13127 -> 01: 32: 18.793 Ini akhirnya akan membentuk dunia raksasa lebih dari 300 meter dengan diameter. 834 01: 32: 21.002 -> 01: 32: 23.095 Ketika mencapai stratosfer, 835 01: 32: 23.204 -> 01: 32: 27.197 detektor akan memindai ribuan mil persegi es 836 01: 32: 27.308 -> 01: 32: 32.075 tanpa menemui electricaI gangguan dari dunia yang dihuni. 837 01: 32: 33.247 -> 01: 32: 37.581 Sebelum peluncuran, kami berada di dalam hanggar. 838 01: 32: 37.685 -> 01: 32: 42.588 Proyek neutrino dipimpin oleh . Dr: Gorham dari University of Hawaii 839 01:32: 42.823 -> 01: 32: 48.386 Jadi, apa yang kita coba lakukan dengan alat ini adalah untuk menjadi yang pertama 840 01: 32: 48.496 -> 01: 32: 53.559 kelompok ilmiah untuk mendeteksi tertinggi neutrino energi di semesta, kami berharap. 841 01: 32: 54.068 -> 01: 32: 57.868 Herzog: Ya, tapi, Dr. Gorham, apa sebenarnya neutrino? 842 01: 32: 58.539 -> 01: 33: 03.306 di neutrino adalah :. Ini yang paling konyol partikel Anda bisa bayangkan. 843 01: 33: 03.544 -> 01: 33: 07.640 Sebuah miliar neutrino melewati hidung ketika kami berbicara. 844 01: 33: 07.915 -> 01: 33: 11.316 A triliun, triliun dari mereka pergi melalui hidung saya sekarang, 845 01: 33: 11.419 -> 01: 33: 13.182 dan mereka melakukan apa pun untuk saya. 846 01: 33: 13.287 -> 01:33 : 16.984 Mereka melewati semua masalah di sekitar kita terus-menerus, 847 01: 33: 17.258 -> 01: 33: 22.423 dalam, ledakan besar besar partikel . yang tidak apa-apa sama sekali 848 01: 33: 22.730 -> 01: 33: 26.598 Mereka seperti :. Mereka hampir ada di alam semesta yang terpisah, 849 01: 33: 26.701 -> 01: 33: 28.794 tapi kita tahu, seperti fisika, kita dapat mengukur mereka, 850 01:33: 28.903 -> 01: 33: 33.272 kita dapat membuat prediksi presisi dan pengukuran. Mereka ada, 851 01: 33: 33.374 -> 01: 33: 36.036 tapi kita tidak bisa mendapatkan tangan kami pada mereka, 852 01: 33: 36.143 -> 01: 33: 38.976 karena mereka tampaknya hanya ada di negara lain Tempat, 853 01: 33: 39.413 -> 01: 33: 44.373 dan belum tanpa neutrino, awal alam semesta tidak akan bekerja. 854 01: 33: 44.619 -> 01: 33: 47.144 Kami tidak akan memiliki Hal yang kita miliki saat ini, 855 01: 33: 47.254 -> 01: 33: 50.189 karena Anda tidak dapat membuat elemen tanpa neutrino. 856 01: 33: 50.291 -> 01: 33: 53.852 Dalam sangat, sangat awal beberapa detik dari big bang, 857 01: 33: 53.961 -> 01: 33: 57.522 neutrino adalah partikel yang dominan, dan mereka benar-benar ditentukan 858 01: 33: 57.632 -> 01: 34: 02.126 banyak kinetika produksi dari unsur-unsur yang kita kenal. 859 01: 34: 02.236 -> 01: 34: 05.262 Jadi, alam semesta tidak mungkin ada cara itu tanpa neutrino, 860 01: 34: 05.406 -> 01: 34: 08.967 tapi mereka tampaknya berada di alam semesta yang terpisah mereka sendiri, 861 01: 34: 09.076 -> 01: 34: 12.045 dan kami mencoba untuk benar-benar melakukan kontak dengan 862 01: 34: 12.146 -> 01: 34: 14.740 semesta dunia lain neutrino. 863 01: 34: 15.916 -> 01: 34: 19.408 Dan sebagai seorang fisikawan, meskipun 864 01: 34: 20.388 -> 01: 34: 24.449 Saya mengerti matematis dan Saya mengerti secara intelektual, 865 01: 34: 24.592 -> 01: 34: 26.685 masih memukul saya dalam usus 866 01: 34: 27.261 -> 01: 34: 30.662 bahwa ada sesuatu di sini sekitar 867 01:34 : 30765 -> 01: 34: 34.565 mengelilingi saya hampir seperti semacam roh atau dewa 868 01: 34: 34.669 -> 01: 34: 36.500 bahwa saya tidak bisa menyentuh, 869 01: 34: 36.837 -> 01: 34: 39.397 tapi saya bisa mengukurnya. 870 01: 34: 39.507 -> 01: 34: 40.633 Saya bisa membuat pengukuran. 871 01: 34: 40.741 -> 01: 34: 44.006 Ini seperti mengukur semangat dunia atau sesuatu seperti itu. 872 01: 34: 44.111 -> 01: 34: 46.671 Anda bisa pergi keluar dan menyentuh hal-hal ini. 873 01: 34: 48.182 -> 01: 34: 52.676 Herzog: Tidak mengherankan, kami menemukan mantra ini dalam bahasa Hawaii 874 01: 34: 52.787 -> 01: 34: 5