the tradition of tax compliance research, a number of factors have bee terjemahan - the tradition of tax compliance research, a number of factors have bee Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

the tradition of tax compliance res

the tradition of tax compliance research, a number of facto
rs have been considered important for
explaining tax compliance: the level of actual income, tax rate
, tax benefits, tax audit, a
udit probabilities, fines
and penalties.
The
level
of
actual
income
.
Spicer and Lundstedt (1976) point out that self‐employed have m
ore
possibilities to avoid taxes than employed taxpayers. However,
self‐employed taxpayers have more
opportunities for tax evasion and these opportunities might fur
ther increase with the number of different
income sources. Hence, in tax compliance decisions the level of
income might interact with its source. A
different aspect of the income source, if income was earned by
hard work or an effortless job ‐ has been
studied in experiments by Kirchler, Muehlbacher, Hölzl and Webl
ey. Participants were less compliant when
they reported income earned by lo
w effort than when they report
ed hard‐earned income. It seems that
taxpayers are reluctant to lose their hard‐earned money by “gam
bling” with tax authorities (Kirchler et al.,
2007).
Given the present results on income and compliance, must be ta
ken into account the practical implications
for tax policy. The issue is important not only for designing p
roper audit strategies, but also for tax ethics,
since a negative relation of income and compliance would put in
to question the intended or pretended
distributional effects, respectiv
ely of progressive income taxa
tion (Lang, Nöhrbaß & Stahl, 1997).
Tax
rate
.
Economic models of rational compl
iance decisions provide either
mixed predictions of the effect
of the marginal
tax
rate
on compliance, or predict that increased tax rates would incre
ase compliance
(Allingham and Sandmo, 1972). On the contrary, most empirical r
esearch finds that highe
r tax rates decrease
compliance or provides mixed resu
lts. Some studies (Pommerehne
and Weck‐Hannemann, 1996)
demonstrate that evasion increases with increasing marginal tax
rates. Also Clotfelter (1983) and Slemrod
(1985) found that the marginal tax rate has a significant effec
t on underreporting. In Porcano’s (1988) study,
the tax rate had no effect on evasion and underreporting (Kirch
ler e al., 2008).
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the tradition of tax compliance research, a number of factors have been considered important for explaining tax compliance: the level of actual income, tax rate, tax benefits, tax audit, audit probabilities, fines and penalties. Thelevelofactualincome.Spicer and Lundstedt (1976) point out that self‐employed have more possibilities to avoid taxes than employed taxpayers. However, self‐employed taxpayers have more opportunities for tax evasion and these opportunities might further increase with the number of different income sources. Hence, in tax compliance decisions the level of income might interact with its source. A different aspect of the income source, if income was earned by hard work or an effortless job ‐ has been studied in experiments by Kirchler, Muehlbacher, Hölzl and Webley. Participants were less compliant when they reported income earned by low effort than when they reported hard‐earned income. It seems that taxpayers are reluctant to lose their hard‐earned money by “gambling” with tax authorities (Kirchler et al., 2007). Given the present results on income and compliance, must be taken into account the practical implications for tax policy. The issue is important not only for designing proper audit strategies, but also for tax ethics, since a negative relation of income and compliance would put into question the intended or pretended distributional effects, respectively of progressive income taxation (Lang, Nöhrbaß & Stahl, 1997). Taxrate.Economic models of rational compliance decisions provide either mixed predictions of the effect of the marginal taxrate on compliance, or predict that increased tax rates would increase compliance (Allingham and Sandmo, 1972). On the contrary, most empirical research finds that higher tax rates decrease compliance or provides mixed results. Some studies (Pommerehne and Weck‐Hannemann, 1996) demonstrate that evasion increases with increasing marginal tax rates. Also Clotfelter (1983) and Slemrod (1985) found that the marginal tax rate has a significant effect on underreporting. In Porcano’s (1988) study, the tax rate had no effect on evasion and underreporting (Kirchler e al., 2008).
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tradisi penelitian kepatuhan pajak, sejumlah facto
rs telah dianggap penting untuk
menjelaskan kepatuhan pajak: tingkat pendapatan yang sebenarnya, tarif pajak
, manfaat pajak, pemeriksaan pajak, sebuah
probabilitas udit, denda
dan hukuman.
The
tingkat
dari
yang sebenarnya
pendapatan
.
Spicer dan Lundstedt (1976) menunjukkan bahwa wiraswasta memiliki m
bijih
kemungkinan untuk menghindari pajak dari wajib pajak digunakan. Namun,
wajib pajak wiraswasta memiliki lebih banyak
kesempatan untuk penggelapan pajak dan kesempatan ini mungkin bulu
ther peningkatan dengan jumlah yang berbeda
sumber pendapatan. Oleh karena itu, dalam keputusan kepatuhan pajak tingkat
pendapatan mungkin berinteraksi dengan sumbernya. Sebuah
aspek yang berbeda dari sumber pendapatan, jika pendapatan itu diperoleh oleh
kerja keras atau pekerjaan yang mudah - telah
dipelajari dalam percobaan oleh Kirchler, Muehlbacher, Holzl dan Webl
ey. Peserta kurang compliant ketika
mereka melaporkan pendapatan yang diperoleh lo
usaha w daripada ketika mereka melaporkan
ed susah payah pendapatan. Tampaknya
wajib pajak enggan kehilangan uang susah payah mereka dengan "gam
bling" dengan otoritas pajak (Kirchler et al.,
2007).
Mengingat hasil hadir pada pendapatan dan kepatuhan, harus ta
ken memperhitungkan implikasi praktis
untuk pajak kebijakan. Masalah ini penting tidak hanya untuk merancang p
strategi pemeriksaan pembungkus, tetapi juga etika pajak,
karena hubungan negatif pendapatan dan kepatuhan akan dimasukkan ke dalam
untuk mempertanyakan dimaksudkan atau pura-pura
dampak distribusi, respectiv
ely progresif taksa pendapatan
tion (Lang, Nöhrbaß & Stahl, 1997).
pajak
tingkat
.
model Ekonomi compl rasional
keputusan iance menyediakan baik
prediksi campuran efek
dari marginal
pajak
tingkat
kepatuhan, atau memprediksi bahwa peningkatan tarif pajak akan incre
ase kepatuhan
(Allingham dan Sandmo, 1972). Sebaliknya, yang paling empiris r
esearch menemukan bahwa highe
tarif pajak r menurunkan
kepatuhan atau memberikan resu campuran
LTS. Beberapa studi (Pommerehne
dan Weck-Hannemann, 1996)
menunjukkan bahwa kenaikan penggelapan dengan meningkatnya pajak marginal
tarif. Juga Clotfelter (1983) dan Slemrod
(1985) menemukan bahwa tarif pajak memiliki effec signifikan
t pada tidak dilaporkan. Dalam (1988) studi Porcano ini,
tarif pajak tidak berpengaruh pada penggelapan dan tidak dilaporkan (Kirch
ler e al., 2008).
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