1. IntroductionAs known, the suspected carcinogen acrylamide can form  terjemahan - 1. IntroductionAs known, the suspected carcinogen acrylamide can form  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

1. IntroductionAs known, the suspec

1. Introduction
As known, the suspected carcinogen acrylamide can form in a wide range of cooked foods, including potato derivatives, bakery products and roasted coffee (Claeys, De Vleeschouer, & Hendrickx, 2005; Friedman & Levin, 2008). The main route of acrylamide formation is represented by the Maillard reaction, which involves the reaction of asparagine with a carbonyl compound (Mottram, Wedzicha, & Dodson, 2002; Stadler et al., 2002). Due to its toxicity, efforts have been carried out to find possible technological interventions to reduce acrylamide levels in foods and thus consumer exposure. These include pre-treatments as well as formulation and/or process changes (Food Drink Europe, 2011). The application of low-pressure treatments to reduce acrylamide levels has been also explored. Vacuum can be used to remove acrylamide or to prevent its formation. In the former case, vacuum is applied to the finished product after the cooking process has been completed, in order to remove the already formed molecule. In principle, according to this approach, acrylamide can be removed by exploiting its physicochemical properties (Budavari, O’Neil, Smith, Heckelman, & Kinneary, 1996). This strategy allowed
the significant removal of acrylamide from biscuits and potato chips previously hydrated at a high water content (Anese, Suman, & Nicoli, 2010). Vacuum can be also applied during the heating process to minimise acrylamide formation. Vacuum frying effectively reduced (up to 94%) acrylamide formation in potato chips without affecting the colour and texture attributes, compared with samples fried under atmospheric conditions (Granda & Moreira, 2005; Granda, Moreira, & Tichy, 2004). The authors attributed this effect to the much lower temperatures used during vacuum frying. Moreover, it was observed that this technology allowed oil uptake
to be greatly reduced in fried snack foods and nutrients, such as ascorbic acid and carotenoids, to be better preserved, compared to atmospheric frying (Dueik & Bouchon, 2011; Sobukola, Dueik,
Munoz, & Bouchon, 2013). Although bakery products together with potato derivatives are
the most important sources of acrylamide, coffee may markedly contribute to the total acrylamide content of the diet, mainly in North European countries, where its consumption is very high
(Dybing et al., 2005; Granby & Fagt, 2004; Guenther, Anklam, Wenzl, & Stadler, 2007). In fact, coffee accounts for about 13% of total acrylamide in the diet of the whole population of The Netherlands, and for 27% and 39% in that of adults in Norway and Sweden, respectively (Dybing et al., 2005). However, until today, there are no viable strategies for minimising the acrylamide content in coffee, without adversely affecting the sensory quality of the finished product (EFSA, 2010; Guenther et al., 2007; Lantz, Ternité, Wilkens, H önicke, Guenther, & Van der Stegen, 2006)
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1. IntroductionAs known, the suspected carcinogen acrylamide can form in a wide range of cooked foods, including potato derivatives, bakery products and roasted coffee (Claeys, De Vleeschouer, & Hendrickx, 2005; Friedman & Levin, 2008). The main route of acrylamide formation is represented by the Maillard reaction, which involves the reaction of asparagine with a carbonyl compound (Mottram, Wedzicha, & Dodson, 2002; Stadler et al., 2002). Due to its toxicity, efforts have been carried out to find possible technological interventions to reduce acrylamide levels in foods and thus consumer exposure. These include pre-treatments as well as formulation and/or process changes (Food Drink Europe, 2011). The application of low-pressure treatments to reduce acrylamide levels has been also explored. Vacuum can be used to remove acrylamide or to prevent its formation. In the former case, vacuum is applied to the finished product after the cooking process has been completed, in order to remove the already formed molecule. In principle, according to this approach, acrylamide can be removed by exploiting its physicochemical properties (Budavari, O’Neil, Smith, Heckelman, & Kinneary, 1996). This strategy allowedthe significant removal of acrylamide from biscuits and potato chips previously hydrated at a high water content (Anese, Suman, & Nicoli, 2010). Vacuum can be also applied during the heating process to minimise acrylamide formation. Vacuum frying effectively reduced (up to 94%) acrylamide formation in potato chips without affecting the colour and texture attributes, compared with samples fried under atmospheric conditions (Granda & Moreira, 2005; Granda, Moreira, & Tichy, 2004). The authors attributed this effect to the much lower temperatures used during vacuum frying. Moreover, it was observed that this technology allowed oil uptaketo be greatly reduced in fried snack foods and nutrients, such as ascorbic acid and carotenoids, to be better preserved, compared to atmospheric frying (Dueik & Bouchon, 2011; Sobukola, Dueik,
Munoz, & Bouchon, 2013). Although bakery products together with potato derivatives are
the most important sources of acrylamide, coffee may markedly contribute to the total acrylamide content of the diet, mainly in North European countries, where its consumption is very high
(Dybing et al., 2005; Granby & Fagt, 2004; Guenther, Anklam, Wenzl, & Stadler, 2007). In fact, coffee accounts for about 13% of total acrylamide in the diet of the whole population of The Netherlands, and for 27% and 39% in that of adults in Norway and Sweden, respectively (Dybing et al., 2005). However, until today, there are no viable strategies for minimising the acrylamide content in coffee, without adversely affecting the sensory quality of the finished product (EFSA, 2010; Guenther et al., 2007; Lantz, Ternité, Wilkens, H önicke, Guenther, & Van der Stegen, 2006)
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1. Pendahuluan
Sebagaimana diketahui, diduga karsinogen akrilamida dapat terbentuk dalam berbagai makanan yang dimasak, termasuk derivatif kentang, produk roti dan kopi panggang (Claeys, De Vleeschouer, & Hendrickx, 2005; Friedman & Levin, 2008). Jalur utama pembentukan akrilamida diwakili oleh reaksi Maillard, yang melibatkan reaksi asparagin dengan senyawa karbonil (Mottram, Wedzicha, & Dodson, 2002; Stadler et al., 2002). Karena toksisitasnya, upaya telah dilakukan untuk menemukan kemungkinan intervensi teknologi untuk mengurangi tingkat akrilamida dalam makanan dan dengan demikian paparan konsumen. Ini termasuk pra-perawatan serta formulasi dan / atau perubahan proses (Makanan Minuman Eropa, 2011). Penerapan perawatan tekanan rendah untuk mengurangi tingkat akrilamida juga telah dieksplorasi. Vacuum dapat digunakan untuk menghapus akrilamida atau untuk mencegah pembentukannya. Dalam kasus yang pertama, vakum diterapkan pada produk jadi setelah proses memasak selesai, untuk menghilangkan molekul yang sudah terbentuk. Pada prinsipnya, menurut pendekatan ini, akrilamida dapat dihapus dengan memanfaatkan sifat fisikokimia (Budavári, O'Neil, Smith, Heckelman, & Kinneary, 1996). Strategi ini memungkinkan
penghapusan signifikan akrilamida dari biskuit dan keripik kentang yang sebelumnya terhidrasi dengan kadar air yang tinggi (anese, Suman, & Nicoli, 2010). Vacuum dapat juga diterapkan selama proses pemanasan untuk meminimalkan pembentukan akrilamida. Vacuum menggoreng efektif mengurangi (hingga 94%) pembentukan akrilamida dalam keripik kentang tanpa mempengaruhi atribut warna dan tekstur, dibandingkan dengan sampel goreng dalam kondisi atmosfer (Granda & Moreira, 2005; Granda, Moreira, & Tichy, 2004). Para penulis disebabkan efek ini suhu yang jauh lebih rendah digunakan selama penggorengan vakum. Selain itu, ia mengamati bahwa teknologi memungkinkan penyerapan minyak ini
akan sangat berkurang dalam makanan ringan goreng dan nutrisi, seperti asam askorbat dan karotenoid, akan lebih baik diawetkan, dibandingkan dengan menggoreng atmosfer (Dueik & Bouchon, 2011; Sobukola, Dueik,
Munoz , & Bouchon, 2013). Meskipun produk roti bersama-sama dengan derivatif kentang
sumber yang paling penting dari akrilamida, kopi dapat nyata berkontribusi terhadap total kandungan akrilamida diet, terutama di negara-negara Eropa Utara, di mana konsumsi yang sangat tinggi
(Dybing et al, 2005;. Granby & Fagt, 2004; Guenther, Anklam, Wenzl, & Stadler, 2007). Bahkan, akun kopi untuk sekitar 13% dari total akrilamida dalam makanan dari seluruh penduduk Belanda, dan 27% dan 39% pada orang dewasa yang di Norwegia dan Swedia, masing-masing (Dybing et al., 2005). Namun, hingga saat ini, tidak ada strategi yang layak untuk meminimalkan kandungan akrilamida dalam kopi, tanpa merugikan kualitas sensori dari produk jadi (EFSA, 2010;. Guenther et al, 2007; Lantz, Ternité, Wilkens, H önicke, Guenther , & Van der Stegen, 2006)
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