1. IntroductionMarket orientation and subsequent firm innovation arewi terjemahan - 1. IntroductionMarket orientation and subsequent firm innovation arewi Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

1. IntroductionMarket orientation a

1. Introduction
Market orientation and subsequent firm innovation are
widely recognized to be essential for the survival and growth
of organizations (Bello, Lohtia, & Sangtani, 2004; Damanpour
& Gopalakrishnan, 2001; Hurley & Hult, 1998). Porter (1990)
suggested that by the late twentieth century, most industrial
economies had moved to an ‘‘innovation-driven’’ stage, during
which firms competed on how to rapidly and profitably
innovate. In this context, it is especially important to gain a
better understanding of factors influencing the successful
development of firm innovations.
Different definitions of innovation have been proposed (e.g.,
Knight, 1967; Zaltman, Duncan, & Holbek, 1973). We
accepted for our work the definition of innovation stated by
the Product Development and Management Association
(PDMA, 2004): ‘‘A new idea, method, or device. The act of
creating a new product or process. The act includes invention as well as the work required to bring an idea or concept into
final form’’.
Although firm innovation is widely prescribed as a means to
improve organizational performance, many firms do not or
cannot properly develop it. Researchers have urged attention to
what makes it possible for firms to develop innovation, looking
for answers ‘‘beyond semiautomatic stimulus-response processes’’
(Zollo & Winter, 2002, p. 341). Many authors have
focused their attention on analyzing whether specific managerial
characteristics influence the generation of innovation in
organizations, while others have focused on analysis of
organizational factors. We want to highlight the simultaneous
influence of both kinds of factors.
Leadership style has been emphasized as one of the most
important individual influences on firm innovation, because
leaders can directly decide to introduce new ideas into an
organization, set specific goals, and encourage innovation
initiatives from subordinates (Harbone & Johne, 2003;
McDonough, 2000; Sethi, 2000). Specifically, several writers
have linked ‘‘transformational leadership’’ to innovation (e.g.
Howell & Avolio, 1993).
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1. IntroductionMarket orientation and subsequent firm innovation arewidely recognized to be essential for the survival and growthof organizations (Bello, Lohtia, & Sangtani, 2004; Damanpour& Gopalakrishnan, 2001; Hurley & Hult, 1998). Porter (1990)suggested that by the late twentieth century, most industrialeconomies had moved to an ‘‘innovation-driven’’ stage, duringwhich firms competed on how to rapidly and profitablyinnovate. In this context, it is especially important to gain abetter understanding of factors influencing the successfuldevelopment of firm innovations.Different definitions of innovation have been proposed (e.g.,Knight, 1967; Zaltman, Duncan, & Holbek, 1973). Weaccepted for our work the definition of innovation stated bythe Product Development and Management Association(PDMA, 2004): ‘‘A new idea, method, or device. The act ofcreating a new product or process. The act includes invention as well as the work required to bring an idea or concept intofinal form’’.Although firm innovation is widely prescribed as a means toimprove organizational performance, many firms do not orcannot properly develop it. Researchers have urged attention towhat makes it possible for firms to develop innovation, lookingfor answers ‘‘beyond semiautomatic stimulus-response processes’’(Zollo & Winter, 2002, p. 341). Many authors havefocused their attention on analyzing whether specific managerialcharacteristics influence the generation of innovation inorganizations, while others have focused on analysis oforganizational factors. We want to highlight the simultaneousinfluence of both kinds of factors.Leadership style has been emphasized as one of the mostimportant individual influences on firm innovation, becauseleaders can directly decide to introduce new ideas into anorganization, set specific goals, and encourage innovationinitiatives from subordinates (Harbone & Johne, 2003;McDonough, 2000; Sethi, 2000). Specifically, several writershave linked ‘‘transformational leadership’’ to innovation (e.g.Howell & Avolio, 1993).
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1. Pendahuluan
Pasar orientasi dan inovasi perusahaan berikutnya yang
diakui secara luas menjadi penting untuk kelangsungan hidup dan pertumbuhan
organisasi (Bello, Lohtia, & Sangtani, 2004; Damanpour
& Gopalakrishnan, 2001; Hurley & Hult, 1998). Porter (1990)
mengemukakan bahwa pada akhir abad kedua puluh, kebanyakan industri
ekonomi telah pindah ke '' inovasi-didorong '' panggung, selama
mana perusahaan bersaing tentang cara cepat dan menguntungkan
berinovasi. Dalam konteks ini, adalah sangat penting untuk mendapatkan
pemahaman yang lebih baik dari faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan
pengembangan inovasi perusahaan.
Definisi yang berbeda inovasi telah diusulkan (misalnya,
Knight, 1967; Zaltman, Duncan, & Holbek, 1973). Kami
diterima untuk pekerjaan kami definisi inovasi dikemukakan oleh
para Pengembangan Produk dan Asosiasi Manajemen
(PDMA, 2004): '' Sebuah ide baru, metode, atau perangkat. Tindakan
menciptakan produk atau proses baru. Tindakan termasuk penemuan serta pekerjaan yang diperlukan untuk membawa ide atau konsep ke dalam
bentuk akhir ''.
Meskipun inovasi perusahaan secara luas diresepkan sebagai sarana untuk
meningkatkan kinerja organisasi, banyak perusahaan tidak atau
tidak dapat benar mengembangkannya. Para peneliti telah mendesak memperhatikan
apa yang memungkinkan perusahaan untuk mengembangkan inovasi, mencari
jawaban '' di luar proses stimulus-respon semi-otomatis ''
(Zollo & Musim Dingin 2002, p. 341). Banyak penulis telah
memusatkan perhatian mereka pada analisis apakah manajerial spesifik
karakteristik mempengaruhi generasi inovasi di
organisasi, sementara yang lain telah berfokus pada analisis
faktor organisasi. Kami ingin menyoroti simultan
pengaruh kedua jenis faktor.
Gaya kepemimpinan telah ditekankan sebagai salah satu yang paling
pengaruh individu penting pada inovasi perusahaan, karena
para pemimpin bisa langsung memutuskan untuk memperkenalkan ide-ide baru ke dalam
organisasi, menetapkan tujuan yang spesifik, dan mendorong inovasi
inisiatif dari bawahan (Harbone & Johne, 2003;
McDonough, 2000; Sethi, 2000). Secara khusus, beberapa penulis
telah menghubungkan '' kepemimpinan transformasional '' inovasi (misalnya
Howell & Avolio, 1993).
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