One common thread shared by the two approaches discussed in this paper terjemahan - One common thread shared by the two approaches discussed in this paper Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

One common thread shared by the two

One common thread shared by the two approaches discussed in this paper is that
forecasting or planning limitations in uncertain environments make the budget less useful
(ABB-group), or even useless (BB-group). Contingency frameworks stress that the effective
operation of budgetary controls depends on the organizational context (Waterhouse and
Tiessen 1978; Otley 1980; Fisher 1995; Chenhall 2003). One important contingency factor is the degree of environmental uncertainty, and recent evidence from a survey of French
companies suggests that environmental uncertainty is a primary driver of dissatisfaction
with budgets (Bescos et al. 2003).
It is possible to view planning and control techniques as a spectrum. At one end is a
focus on robust planning techniques where implementation is primarily a matter of ensuring
that the preset plans are actually realized. At the other end is a focus on agility where
planning becomes so unreliable that it is essentially eliminated and the control focus is
moved toward rapid response once actual operating conditions are observed. Each organization
occupies a different position on this continuum. In a more stable market where longterm
trends can be forecast with some precision, a planning solution might still be the best.
In a rapidly moving and unpredictable market, it may be that control solutions based on
agility are appropriate (e.g., in the fashion industry, where fashion trends are fickle and
difficult to predict). An extreme setting arises when market conditions preclude reliance on
planning, but production and technological capability demand long-term resource allocation
decisions involving assets of high specificity. For example, mobile telephone network providers
in Europe purchased third-generation licenses at prices that do not appear to be
sustainable by current consumer behavior. This analysis suggests a set of research questions
related to whether budgetary control can be adapted to work effectively in unpredictable
environments. If not, what control systems are deployed where planning-based solutions
fail?
As part of their CAM-I sponsored study, Hansen and Van der Stede (2003) found that
the initial adopters of activity-based budgeting are organizations that face relatively low
levels of innovation (e.g., less frequent new product/service introductions). Although preliminary,
this finding highlights the interesting paradox that planning is most valid, but
possibly of least value, when there is low uncertainty (Hopwood 1973). There is little
understanding or evidence of whether firms do, or should, plan more (less) when it is less
(more) useful, that is, in stable (turbulent) environments. Neither do we have a good understanding
of the cost-benefit trade-offs of planning and control in environments with
varying degrees of uncertainty. For example, are the costs of planning and control (such as
those related to maintaining the information systems) worth the benefits in stable (turbulent)
environments? And, what are the costs and benefits?
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One common thread shared by the two approaches discussed in this paper is thatforecasting or planning limitations in uncertain environments make the budget less useful(ABB-group), or even useless (BB-group). Contingency frameworks stress that the effectiveoperation of budgetary controls depends on the organizational context (Waterhouse andTiessen 1978; Otley 1980; Fisher 1995; Chenhall 2003). One important contingency factor is the degree of environmental uncertainty, and recent evidence from a survey of Frenchcompanies suggests that environmental uncertainty is a primary driver of dissatisfactionwith budgets (Bescos et al. 2003).It is possible to view planning and control techniques as a spectrum. At one end is afocus on robust planning techniques where implementation is primarily a matter of ensuringthat the preset plans are actually realized. At the other end is a focus on agility whereplanning becomes so unreliable that it is essentially eliminated and the control focus ismoved toward rapid response once actual operating conditions are observed. Each organizationoccupies a different position on this continuum. In a more stable market where longtermtrends can be forecast with some precision, a planning solution might still be the best.In a rapidly moving and unpredictable market, it may be that control solutions based onagility are appropriate (e.g., in the fashion industry, where fashion trends are fickle anddifficult to predict). An extreme setting arises when market conditions preclude reliance onplanning, but production and technological capability demand long-term resource allocationdecisions involving assets of high specificity. For example, mobile telephone network providersin Europe purchased third-generation licenses at prices that do not appear to besustainable by current consumer behavior. This analysis suggests a set of research questionsrelated to whether budgetary control can be adapted to work effectively in unpredictableenvironments. If not, what control systems are deployed where planning-based solutionsfail?As part of their CAM-I sponsored study, Hansen and Van der Stede (2003) found thatthe initial adopters of activity-based budgeting are organizations that face relatively lowlevels of innovation (e.g., less frequent new product/service introductions). Although preliminary,this finding highlights the interesting paradox that planning is most valid, butpossibly of least value, when there is low uncertainty (Hopwood 1973). There is littleunderstanding or evidence of whether firms do, or should, plan more (less) when it is less(more) useful, that is, in stable (turbulent) environments. Neither do we have a good understandingof the cost-benefit trade-offs of planning and control in environments withvarying degrees of uncertainty. For example, are the costs of planning and control (such asthose related to maintaining the information systems) worth the benefits in stable (turbulent)environments? And, what are the costs and benefits?
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Satu benang merah bersama dengan dua pendekatan yang dibahas dalam makalah ini adalah bahwa
peramalan atau perencanaan keterbatasan dalam lingkungan yang tidak pasti membuat anggaran kurang berguna
(ABB-kelompok), atau bahkan tidak berguna (BB-kelompok). Kerangka kontingensi menekankan bahwa efektif
operasi pengendalian anggaran tergantung pada konteks organisasi (Waterhouse dan
Tiessen 1978; Otley 1980; Fisher 1995; Chenhall 2003). Salah satu faktor kontingensi penting adalah tingkat ketidakpastian lingkungan, dan bukti terbaru dari survei Perancis
perusahaan menunjukkan bahwa ketidakpastian lingkungan adalah pendorong utama dari ketidakpuasan
dengan anggaran (Bescos et al. 2003).
Hal ini dimungkinkan untuk melihat perencanaan dan pengendalian teknik sebagai spektrum. Pada salah satu ujung adalah
fokus pada teknik perencanaan yang kuat di mana implementasi terutama soal memastikan
bahwa rencana yang telah ditetapkan benar-benar direalisasikan. Di ujung lain adalah fokus pada kelincahan mana
perencanaan menjadi sangat tidak dapat diandalkan bahwa itu pada dasarnya dihilangkan dan fokus kontrol
bergerak menuju respon cepat sekali kondisi operasi aktual yang diamati. Setiap organisasi
menempati posisi yang berbeda pada kontinum ini. Di pasar yang lebih stabil di mana jangka panjang
tren dapat diperkirakan dengan beberapa presisi, solusi perencanaan mungkin masih menjadi yang terbaik.
Dalam pasar yang bergerak cepat dan tak terduga, mungkin bahwa solusi kontrol berdasarkan
kelincahan yang sesuai (misalnya, dalam industri fashion , di mana tren fashion yang berubah-ubah dan
sulit diprediksi). Pengaturan ekstrim muncul ketika kondisi pasar menghalangi ketergantungan pada
perencanaan, tetapi alokasi produksi dan jangka panjang teknologi permintaan kemampuan sumber daya
keputusan yang melibatkan aset kekhususan tinggi. Sebagai contoh, penyedia jaringan telepon seluler
di Eropa membeli lisensi generasi ketiga dengan harga yang tidak muncul untuk menjadi
berkelanjutan dengan perilaku konsumen saat ini. Analisis ini menunjukkan satu set pertanyaan penelitian
yang berkaitan dengan apakah kontrol anggaran dapat disesuaikan untuk bekerja secara efektif dalam tak terduga
lingkungan. Jika tidak, apa sistem kontrol dikerahkan di mana solusi berbasis perencanaan
gagal?
Sebagai bagian dari mereka CAM-I disponsori studi, Hansen dan Van der Stede (2003) menemukan bahwa
pengadopsi awal penganggaran berbasis aktivitas organisasi yang menghadapi relatif rendah
tingkat inovasi (misalnya, kurang sering pengenalan produk / layanan baru). Meskipun awal,
temuan ini menyoroti paradoks yang menarik bahwa perencanaan adalah yang paling valid, tapi
mungkin dari setidaknya nilai, bila ada ketidakpastian rendah (Hopwood 1973). Ada sedikit
pemahaman atau bukti apakah perusahaan lakukan, atau harus, berencana lebih (kurang) ketika kurang
(lebih) berguna, yaitu, di stabil (bergejolak) lingkungan. Baik kita memiliki pemahaman yang baik
dari biaya-manfaat trade-off dari perencanaan dan pengendalian dalam lingkungan dengan
berbagai tingkat ketidakpastian. Misalnya, adalah biaya perencanaan dan pengendalian (seperti
yang berkaitan dengan mempertahankan sistem informasi) bernilai manfaat di stabil (bergejolak)
lingkungan? Dan, apa biaya dan manfaat?
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