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RELATIONSHIP B ETWEEN LANGUAGE AND T OM D EVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM NEUROLOGICAL STUDIES OF TOM Neurological studies that examined the relationship between neural correlates of ToM and those of language have obtained mixed results similar to what behavioral studies have found. On the one hand, a severe aphasic patient, who had a wide-range of left hemisphere damage, showed intact performance in some nonverbal ToM tasks, despite failing all other syntax-related tasks [Varley & Siegal, 2000]. On the other hand, evidence suggests that processing of pragmatically coherent sentences also recruits the mPFC area primarily [Fersl & von Cramon, 2002]. Ours is the first study to compare the effects of language/culture on ToM development, and our results are consistent with this hypothesis. We found clear cultural/linguistic effects on the neural bases of ToM [Kobayashi et al., 2006; 2007b], and at least the cultural effects had little to do with syntax (as both cultural groups saw exactly the same cartoons). Thus, both behavioral and brain imaging results seem to support the notion that language is important for ToM not because of its constitutive aspects (i.e. syntax and semantics) but because of its pragmatic aspects.
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